Chapter 9: Vitamins, Minerals and Nutritional Supplements

Question 1

T/F Vitamins provide energy

Answer 1

False. Vitamins do not provide energy. Vitamins help release energy from macronutrients.

Question 2

Vitamins are most absorbed in the _____

Answer 2

small intestine

Question 3

Name the water soluble vitamins

Answer 3

The- Thiamine B1
Romans- Riboflavin B2
Never- Niacin B3
Painted- Pantholenic Acid
Pyramids- Pyridoxine B6
Before- Biotin
Finding- Folate
Cleopatra- Cobalamin
Vitamin C

Question 4

Name the Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 4

ADEK

Question 5

Water soluble vitamins can move directly though the small intestines via _____ diffusion

Answer 5

facilitated diffusion

Question 6

Fat soluble vitamins must form a ____ and be surrounded by ___ in order to move through the small intestines via facilitated diffusion

Answer 6

must form a micell surrounded by amphipathic bile acids

Question 7

Why is there a higher chance that fat soluble viatmins reaching toxic levels than water soluble vitamins?

Answer 7

fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose tissue and can accumulate. Water soluble vitamins cannot usually be stored and thus are excreted out more readily.

Question 8

A mineral that is needed less than ____ is considered a minor mineral

Answer 8

less than 100 mg/ day

Question 9

a mineral that is needed more than -__ is considered a major mineral

Answer 9

over 100mg/day

Question 10

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 10

a molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it.

Question 11

Why is canned vegetables worse to eat then fresh or frozen veggies?

Answer 11

often have high sodium and salt content because they are preserves. They are usually cooked ,decreasing nutritional content

Question 12

Define enrichment

Answer 12

adding nutrients back to food that was originally there but were lost during processing

Question 13

define fortification:

Answer 13

adding nutrients to food that were not necessarily present before hand. ex/ milk is fortified with vitamind D

Question 14

Define bioavailability

Answer 14

a factor that may affect nutrient absorption. The amound of a nutrient absorbed from the diet and available for use in the body.

Question 15

What factors can affect a persons bioavailability?

Answer 15

lifestage of a person
in pregnany- more calcium is needed and thus absrobed
health status
composition of the diet:
- phytates: found in high fiber grains that may cause a decrease in absorption
- oxalates: found in leafy greens that may decrease calcium absorption despite these foods often having a lot of calcium
-tannins; in tea and wine. may prevent iron absorption and decrease bioavailability

Question 16

Why do phytates affect bioavailabiltiy?

Answer 16

found in high fiber grains that may cause a decrease in absorption by binding to water in the small intesetine

Question 17

why do oxalates affect bioavailability?

Answer 17

found in leafy greens that decrease calcium absorption

Question 18

why do tannins affect bioavailability?

Answer 18

found in tea and wines that prevent iron absorption, decreasing iron bioavailability in the body.

Question 19

What is a phytochemical?

Answer 19

chemicals derived from plants with antioxidant activities, not considered nutrients.

Question 20

What are flavonoids?

Answer 20

a type of phytochemical found in berries, chocolate, black tea etc. that shows decreased tumor growth and can kill cancer cell, decreased inflammation

Question 21

what are phytoestrogens

Answer 21

found in soy beans and soy products hat show decreased tumor growth

Question 22

What are carotenoids

Answer 22

found in carrots and had antioxidant properties

Question 23

What are organosulfer compounds

Answer 23

a phytochemical found in onions and garlic, shows antioxidant properties

Question 24

Why are whole foods better?

Answer 24

one food can give many different vitamins and minerals

Question 25

What’re some groups of people that would benefit from supplements?

Answer 25

adults over 50, dark skinned individuals need viatmin D, people on restricted diets, people on medications

Question 26

For calcium, as dosage increases, the absorption ____

Answer 26

decreases; therefore you should take it more often but in smaller amounts

Question 27

What’re the two forms of calcium supplements and what conditions should they be taken under?

Answer 27

1) calcium carbonate, must be taken with meals

2) calcium citrate, can be taken any time

Question 28

What is non-heme?

Answer 28

iron in ferric form. It is non oxidized Fe3+. It needs to be converted to Fe2+ before being absorbed.

Question 29

What is non heme needed to be taken with

Answer 29

vitamin C so it can oxidize the iron to Fe2+

Question 30

What is ferrous iron?

Answer 30

2+ iron that is more readily absorbed. Does not require a converstion.

Question 31

non heme vs ferrous

Answer 31

non heme is Fe3+ and needs to be taken with vitamin c, ferrous is 2+ iron that is more readily absorbed

Question 32

True of false: an NHP is processed or made in a lab

Answer 32

false, a natural health product is a naturally occurring substance used to restore or maintain good health; made from plants, animals or microorganisms.

Question 33

What government institution helps regulate and ensure the safety of NHP’s

Answer 33

Natural Health Product Directorate of Canada.

Question 34

What must an NHP label contain?

Answer 34

name, license holder, NPN number, medicinal and non medicinal ingredients, dosage form and recommended use.