chapter 9 theories

Question 1

Taylor?

Answer 1

The idea led to an increase in productivity, the work contributed to specialisation of labour and assembly-line production

Question 2

Hawthorne?

Answer 2

The Hawthorne effect- employees perform better when they feel singled out or valued by management. Highlighted the significance of employee welfare and social needs.

Question 3

Maslow?

Answer 3

Hierarchy of needs:
1. Physiological needs—survival
2. Safety needs—physical and emotional safety
3. Social needs—love and affection and a sense of belonging
4. Esteem needs—respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth
5. Self-actualization needs—to grow and develop and become all that we are capable of being

Question 4

Theory Z?

Answer 4

– Long-term employment
– Slow evaluation and promotion through training
– Group decision-making
– Relatively informal control with explicit performance measures
– Individual responsibility within a stable, loyal workforce

Question 5

Herzberg’s?

Answer 5

Hygiene factors- dissatisfaction
Job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptable degree but that do not necessarily result in higher levels of motivation. Dissatisfaction vs. no dissatisfaction
Must be present to ensure that employees work comfortably

Question 6

Expectancy?

Answer 6

Relationship between motivation and behaviour

effort-performance
performance-outcome
outcome-needs

Question 7

Equity?

Answer 7

Evaluation process: employee evaluate their outcomes relative to their inputs and compare then to various referents.
1. Change their job benefits and income (ask for a raise) Change their work habits (exert less effort on the job)
2. Distort their perception of themselves
Distort their perceptions of others
3. Look at the situation from a different perspective
4. Leave the situation

Question 8

Goal-setting?

Answer 8

1. Specific goals lead to a higher level of performance than more generalized goals.
2. more difficult goals lead to better performance than easy goals (provided the individual accepts the goal); and
3. feedback on progress toward the goal enhances performance.

Question 9

Reinforcement theory?

Answer 9

1. Positive (reward),
2. Negative (punishment), and
3. none.

Difficult: Punishment for one, reward for other