chapter 9 test Flashcards
puddling
the heating and cooling of metal to get rid of impurities
urbanization
the growth of cities and the migration of people into them
socialism
an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
conservatism
those who wanted to preserve traditional monarchies in europe
liberalism
those who wanted to give more power to the elected parliaments
enclosures
one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy british landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers
crop rotation
the system of growing different crops in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land
factors of production
the resources -including land, labor, and capital- that are needed to produce and manufacture goods
emancipation
the movement to end slavery
factories
large buildings in which machinery is used to produce goods
entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
middle class
a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers
edmund cartwright
invented the water powered loom
james watts
invented the steam engine
britian
where the industrial revolution began
james hargreaves
invented the spinning jenny
henry cort
invented the puddling process
eli whitney
invented the cotton gin
robert fulton
invented the paddlewheel steam boat
richard trevithick
invented the steam powered locomotive
when and where did the industrial revolution take place?
in great britain in the 1780s
what 5 factors contributed to the start of the industrial revolution?
- agricultural practices had changed
- more food supply = growing population
- abundant supply of money to invest in machines
- plenty of natural resources
- markets = outlets for goods
how were adult and children factory workers disciplined?
adults were fined for being late and dismissed for serious misconducts, and children were beaten
what 2 classes of people emerged in the european society of the industrial revolution?
the industrial working class and the industrial middle class
what was the factory act of 1833?
set the legal working age to 9
what was a major threat to american national unity during the 19th century?
slavery
what was the industrial revolution?
the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine
