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Biological Psychology > Chapter 9 - Sleeping & Waking > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Sleeping & Waking Flashcards

1
Q

endogenous circananual rhythm

A

self-generated rhythm that lasts about a year

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2
Q

endogenous circadian rhythm

A

self-generated rhythm that lasts abhout a day

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3
Q

name several circaidan rhythms

A

eating, drinking, urination, secretion of hormones, sensitivity to drugs, temperature, mood and more.

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4
Q

what evidence indicates that humans have an internal biological clock?

A

people who have lived in an environment with a light/dark schedule much different from 24 hours fail to follow that schedule and instead become wakeful and sleepy on about a 24hr basis.

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5
Q

can circadian rhythms persist without light?

A

yes.

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6
Q

what can reset circadian rhythms?

A

light is critical for resetting circadian rhythms.

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7
Q

zeitgeber

A

the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm. (meaning “time-giver”)

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8
Q

what other zeitgebers are there?

A

tide (for marine animals), exercise, arousal, meals, and temperature.

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9
Q

how do the blind set circadian rhythms without light?

A

some use noise, temperature, meals and activity. others produce circadian rhythms a little longer than 24 horus.

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10
Q

why do people at the eastern edge of germany awaken earlier than those at the western edge on their weekends and holidays?

A

the sun rises about 30 min earlier at the eastern edge. the sun seems to control the wake/sleep schedules een when people follow the same clock time.

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11
Q

jet lag

A

disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

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12
Q

symptoms of jet lag

A

sleepiness in the day, sleeplessness at night, depression and impaired concentration

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13
Q

phase-delay

A

the delay of circadian rhythms by traveling west. we stay awake later at night then wake late the next morning already partly adjusted to the new schedule

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14
Q

phase-advance

A

the advance of circadian rhythms by traveling east. we go to sleep earlier and wake earlier. it is harder to do both.

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15
Q

how does jet lag and stress affect the brain?

A

jet lag increases stress, stress increases cortisol. prolonged elevations of cortisol damage the hippocampus (important for memory)

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16
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

located just above the optic chiasm. provides main control of circadian rhythms for sleep and temperature.

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17
Q

what does damage to the suprachiasmetic nucleus (SCN) cause

A

it causes the body’s rhythms to become erratic

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18
Q

what evidence strongly idicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?

A

SCN cells produce a circadian rhythm even when isolated from the rest of the body. also, when transplanted, the recipient has the rhythm of the new SCN.

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19
Q

retinohypothalamic path

A

small branch of optic nerve which extends from retina to the SCN. axons alter SCN’s settings.

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20
Q

melanopsin

A

special retinal ganglion cells that make up the retinohypothalamic path. respond directly to light. help reset the SCN

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21
Q

PER and TIM

A

Period & Time. genes which promote sleep and inactivity based on feedback from several sets of neurons.

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22
Q

what could a mutation in PER cause?

A

a circadian rhythm shorter than 24 hours. sleepy in the evening, waking up early. also may suffer from depression

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23
Q

how do the proteins TIM and PER relate to sleepiness in the drosophilia fly?

A

the proteins remain low during most of the day, increasing in the evening promoting sleep. they also inhibit the genes that produce them so their level declines toward morning (promoting wakefulness)

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24
Q

pineal gland

A

an endocrine gland posterior to the thalamus. releases melatonin (mostly at night)

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25
Q

melatonin

A

influences circadian and circannual rhythms

26
Q

release of melatonin causes…

A

sleepiness

27
Q

melatonin pill

A

can phase advance clock if taken in afternoon, can phase-delay if taken in the morning.

28
Q

vegetative state

A

alternating between sleep and moderate arousal (no awareness of surroundings)

29
Q

minimally conscious state

A

occasional periods of purposeful actions, limited speech comprehension

30
Q

brain death

A

condition with no sign of brain activity, no response to stimulus

31
Q

polysomnograph

A

combination of eeg and eye-movement records

32
Q

alpha waves

A

characteristic of relaxation, to all wakefulness

33
Q

sleep spindle

A

result of interactions between cells in thalamus and cortex. seen in stage 2

34
Q

k-complex

A

sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neural firing. seen in stage 2

35
Q

slow wave sleep (sws)

A

stages 3 and 4 together

36
Q

what do long, slow waves on an EEG indicate?

A

low level of activity with much synchrony of response among neurons.

37
Q

paradoxical sleep

A

high brain activity with relaxed muscles during sleep (used to describe REM sleep in non-humans)

38
Q

rapid eye movement (REM)

A

high brain activity with relaxed muscles during sleep, accompanied by periods of eye movement.

39
Q

non-REM (NREM) sleep

A

stages other than REM

40
Q

locus coeruleus

A

small structure in pons, which emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events. release norepinephrine throughout cortex. strengthens storage of recent memories & increases wakefulness

41
Q

pontomesencephalon

A

part of reticular formation. maintains arousal during wakefulness/increases during challenging or new tasks. releases acetylcholine & glutamate which excite cells in hypothalamus, thalamus & basal forebrain

42
Q

reticular formation

A

structure that extends from medulla into forebrain.

43
Q

orexin

A

peptite neurotransmitter that stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness.

44
Q

is orexin necessary for waking up or staying awake?

A

it is necessary for staying awake.

45
Q

lack of orexin can cause…?

A

inability to sustain activities, and drowsiness.

46
Q

PGO waves

A

waes that move from pons to lateral geniculate to occipital cortex. synchronized with eye movement in REM.

47
Q

acetylcholine

A

important for wakefulness and REM sleep

48
Q

serotonin and norepinephrine

A

interrupt REM sleep

49
Q

insomnia

A

inadequate sleep

50
Q

sleep apnea

A

impaired ability to breathe while sleeping. may wake up gasping but no remember. lack of sleep causes deficiencies of cognition

51
Q

causes of sleep apnea

A

genetics, hormones, old age, obesity in middle aged men

52
Q

narcolepsy

A

condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day

53
Q

what causes narcolepsy?

A

we’re not sure. it runs in families, but there is no gene for narcolepsy.

54
Q

what neurotransmitter do people with narcolepsy lack?

A

orexin.

55
Q

treatments for narcolepsy?

A

stimulant drugs such as Ritalin, which enhance dopamine and norepinephrine activity.

56
Q

periodic limb movement disorder

A

repeated involuntary movement of legs and sometimes rms. different from the occasional kick, especially when falling asleep.

57
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

people move around vigorously during REM periods. may be acting out dreams. may attack, punch or kick

58
Q

night terrors

A

intense anxiety from which person wakes screaming. more severe than nightmare. occur during NREM and more common in children

59
Q

function of hibernation

A

to conserve energy while food is scarce

60
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

brains effort to make sense of sparce and distorted information. emphasis on the pons.

61
Q

clinico-natomical hypothesis

A

theory of dreams that stimuli is generated within the brain and combined with recent memories and any other information coming in from the senses.

Biological Psychology (6 decks)

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