Chapter 9: Sleep & Biological Rhythms Flashcards
The experimenter prepares the sleeper for electrophysiological measurements by attaching electrodes to the scalp to monitor the brain’s activity with an electroencephalogram (EEG), and to the face to monitor muscle activity, recorded as the _______
ELECTROMYOGRAM (EMG)
Electrodes attached around the eyes monitor eye movements, recorded as the _________.
ELECTRO-OCULOGRAM (EOG)
It is consist of regular, medium-frequency waves of 8-12 Hz.
ALPHA ACTIVITY
It means cycles per second.
HERTZ (Hz)
It is consist of irregular, mostly low amplitude waves of 13-30 Hz.
BETA ACTIVITY
This indicates that the firing of neurons in the neocortex is becoming more synchronized; this stage is actually a transition between sleep and wakefulness.
THETA ACTIVITY
These are short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz that occur between two and five times a minute during stages 1-3 of sleep; they appear to play a role in consolidation of memories.
SLEEP SPINDLES
These are sudden, sharp waveforms, and are usually found only during stage 2 sleep.
K COMPLEXES
Slow-wave sleep is signaled by occurrence of high-amplitude _____ ______.
DELTA ACTIVITY
REM sleep stands for
Rapid Eye Movements sleep
An inherited neurological disorder that results in damage to portions of the thalamus. The symptoms of this disease, which is related to Creuzfeldt-Jacob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, include deficits in attention and memory, followed by a dreamlike confused state; loss of control of the ANS and the endocrine system; increased body temperature; and insomnia.
FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA
After several days of REM sleep deprivation, participants would show a ________ _________ when permitted to sleep normally; they spent a much greater-than-normal percentage of the recovery night in REM sleep.
REBOUND PHENOMENON
Two (2) major categories of long-term memory
DECLARATIVE MEMORY (EXPLICIT MEMORY)
NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY (IMPLICIT MEMORY)
It is a nucleoside neuromodulator that might play a primary role in the control of sleep.
ADENOSINE
It is when people are aware they are dreaming and are not awake.
LUCID DREAMING
Catecholamine agonists such as amphetamine produce arousal and sleeplessness. These effects appear to be mediated primarily by the noradrenergic system of the _________ _________.
LOCUS COERULEUS (LC) [located in the dorsal pons]
Almost all of the brain’s serotonergic neurons are found in the ______ ______, which are located in the medullary and pontine regions of the reticular formation.
RAPHE NUCLEI
This is the fourth neurotransmitter implicated in the control of wakefulness and arousal. A compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid.
HISTAMINE
The cell bodies of histaminergic neurons are located in the _______ ______ of the hypothalamus, located at the base of the brain just rostral to the mammillary bodies.
TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS (TMN)
The majority of the sleep neurons are located in the _______ ________ _______.
VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC AREA (vlPOA)
A region of the dorsal midbrain, the ________ _______ _____ ______, contains REM-OFF neurons, cells that suppress REM.
VENTROLATERAL PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (vlPAG)
_________ is a problem that is said to affect approximately 25 percent of the population occasionally and 9 percent regularly.
INSOMNIA
It is a type of insomnia characterized as difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.
PRIMARY INSOMNIA
It is an inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition, such as pain, substance use, or a psychological or neurological condition.
SECONDARY INSOMNIA
It is a particular form of insomnia caused by an inability to sleep and breathe at the same time.
SLEEP APNEA
It is a neurological disorder characterized by sleep at inappropriate times.
NARCOLEPSY
It is the primary symptom of narcolepsy.
SLEEP ATTACK
Another symptom of narcolepsy — perhaps the most striking one.
CATAPLEXY
This symptom of narcolepsy is referred to as ______ _______, an inability to move just before the onset of sleep or on walking in the morning.
SLEEP PARALYSIS
The mental components of REM sleep intrude into sleep paralysis; that is, the person dreams while lying awake, paralyzed. These episodes, called _________ ________, are often alarming or even terrifying.
HYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATIONS
In ____ _____ _______ _______, the behavior of people with this disorder corresponds with the contents of their dreams in REM. It appears to be a neurodegenerative disorder with at least some genetic component.
REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER
These are some of the maladaptive behaviors occur during slow-wave sleep./Problems associated with slow-wave sleep.
BEDWETTING (NOCTURNAL EN-URESIS)
SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBULISM)
NIGHT TERRORS (PAVOR NOCTURNUS)
It is consist of anguished screams, trembling, a rapid pulse, and usually no memory of what caused the terror.
NIGHT TERROR(S)
Daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes are found throughout the plant and animal world. These cycles are generally called _______ _______.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Circa means
ABOUT
Dies means
DAY
It is one with a cycle of approximately 24 hours.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
Other rhythms are controlled by mechanisms within the organism — by ______ ______.
INTERNAL CLOCKS
Light serves as a ______ (German term for “time giver”); it synchronizes the endogenous rhythm.
ZEITGEBER
The primary biological clock of the rat is located in the ________ _________ of the hypothalamus.
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN)
There is a special photoreceptor that provides information about the ambient level of light that synchronizes circadian rhythms. Provencio et al., (2000) found the photochemical responsible for this effect, which they named ________.
MELANOPSIN
This syndrome causes a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles.
ADVANCED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROME
This syndrome consists of a 4-hour delay in sleep/walking rhythms.
DELAYED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROME
The control of seasonal rhythms involves another part of the brain: the ______ _______. This structure sits on top of the midbrain, just in front of the cerebellum.
PINEAL GLAND
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called _____, so named because it has ability in certain animals to turn the skin temporarily dark.
MELATONIN
