Chapter 9: Sleep & Biological Rhythms

Question 1

The experimenter prepares the sleeper for electrophysiological measurements by attaching electrodes to the scalp to monitor the brain’s activity with an electroencephalogram (EEG), and to the face to monitor muscle activity, recorded as the _______

Answer 1

ELECTROMYOGRAM (EMG)

Question 2

Electrodes attached around the eyes monitor eye movements, recorded as the _________.

Answer 2

ELECTRO-OCULOGRAM (EOG)

Question 3

It is consist of regular, medium-frequency waves of 8-12 Hz.

Answer 3

ALPHA ACTIVITY

Question 4

It means cycles per second.

Answer 4

HERTZ (Hz)

Question 5

It is consist of irregular, mostly low amplitude waves of 13-30 Hz.

Answer 5

BETA ACTIVITY

Question 6

This indicates that the firing of neurons in the neocortex is becoming more synchronized; this stage is actually a transition between sleep and wakefulness.

Answer 6

THETA ACTIVITY

Question 7

These are short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz that occur between two and five times a minute during stages 1-3 of sleep; they appear to play a role in consolidation of memories.

Answer 7

SLEEP SPINDLES

Question 8

These are sudden, sharp waveforms, and are usually found only during stage 2 sleep.

Answer 8

K COMPLEXES

Question 9

Slow-wave sleep is signaled by occurrence of high-amplitude _____ ______.

Answer 9

DELTA ACTIVITY

Question 10

REM sleep stands for

Answer 10

Rapid Eye Movements sleep

Question 11

An inherited neurological disorder that results in damage to portions of the thalamus. The symptoms of this disease, which is related to Creuzfeldt-Jacob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, include deficits in attention and memory, followed by a dreamlike confused state; loss of control of the ANS and the endocrine system; increased body temperature; and insomnia.

Answer 11

FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA

Question 12

After several days of REM sleep deprivation, participants would show a ________ _________ when permitted to sleep normally; they spent a much greater-than-normal percentage of the recovery night in REM sleep.

Answer 12

REBOUND PHENOMENON

Question 13

Two (2) major categories of long-term memory

Answer 13

DECLARATIVE MEMORY (EXPLICIT MEMORY)
NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY (IMPLICIT MEMORY)

Question 14

It is a nucleoside neuromodulator that might play a primary role in the control of sleep.

Answer 14

ADENOSINE

Question 15

It is when people are aware they are dreaming and are not awake.

Answer 15

LUCID DREAMING

Question 16

Catecholamine agonists such as amphetamine produce arousal and sleeplessness. These effects appear to be mediated primarily by the noradrenergic system of the _________ _________.

Answer 16

LOCUS COERULEUS (LC) [located in the dorsal pons]

Question 17

Almost all of the brain’s serotonergic neurons are found in the ______ ______, which are located in the medullary and pontine regions of the reticular formation.

Answer 17

RAPHE NUCLEI

Question 18

This is the fourth neurotransmitter implicated in the control of wakefulness and arousal. A compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid.

Answer 18

HISTAMINE

Question 19

The cell bodies of histaminergic neurons are located in the _______ ______ of the hypothalamus, located at the base of the brain just rostral to the mammillary bodies.

Answer 19

TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS (TMN)

Question 20

The majority of the sleep neurons are located in the _______ ________ _______.

Answer 20

VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC AREA (vlPOA)

Question 21

A region of the dorsal midbrain, the ________ _______ _____ ______, contains REM-OFF neurons, cells that suppress REM.

Answer 21

VENTROLATERAL PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (vlPAG)

Question 22

_________ is a problem that is said to affect approximately 25 percent of the population occasionally and 9 percent regularly.

Answer 22

INSOMNIA

Question 23

It is a type of insomnia characterized as difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.

Answer 23

PRIMARY INSOMNIA

Question 24

It is an inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition, such as pain, substance use, or a psychological or neurological condition.

Answer 24

SECONDARY INSOMNIA

Question 25

It is a particular form of insomnia caused by an inability to sleep and breathe at the same time.

Answer 25

SLEEP APNEA

Question 26

It is a neurological disorder characterized by sleep at inappropriate times.

Answer 26

NARCOLEPSY

Question 27

It is the primary symptom of narcolepsy.

Answer 27

SLEEP ATTACK

Question 28

Another symptom of narcolepsy — perhaps the most striking one.

Answer 28

CATAPLEXY

Question 29

This symptom of narcolepsy is referred to as ______ _______, an inability to move just before the onset of sleep or on walking in the morning.

Answer 29

SLEEP PARALYSIS

Question 30

The mental components of REM sleep intrude into sleep paralysis; that is, the person dreams while lying awake, paralyzed. These episodes, called _________ ________, are often alarming or even terrifying.

Answer 30

HYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATIONS

Question 31

In ____ _____ _______ _______, the behavior of people with this disorder corresponds with the contents of their dreams in REM. It appears to be a neurodegenerative disorder with at least some genetic component.

Answer 31

REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER

Question 32

These are some of the maladaptive behaviors occur during slow-wave sleep./Problems associated with slow-wave sleep.

Answer 32

BEDWETTING (NOCTURNAL EN-URESIS)
SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBULISM)
NIGHT TERRORS (PAVOR NOCTURNUS)

Question 33

It is consist of anguished screams, trembling, a rapid pulse, and usually no memory of what caused the terror.

Answer 33

NIGHT TERROR(S)

Question 34

Daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes are found throughout the plant and animal world. These cycles are generally called _______ _______.

Answer 34

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

Question 35

Circa means

Answer 35

ABOUT

Question 36

Dies means

Answer 36

DAY

Question 37

It is one with a cycle of approximately 24 hours.

Answer 37

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Question 38

Other rhythms are controlled by mechanisms within the organism — by ______ ______.

Answer 38

INTERNAL CLOCKS

Question 39

Light serves as a ______ (German term for “time giver”); it synchronizes the endogenous rhythm.

Answer 39

ZEITGEBER

Question 40

The primary biological clock of the rat is located in the ________ _________ of the hypothalamus.

Answer 40

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN)

Question 41

There is a special photoreceptor that provides information about the ambient level of light that synchronizes circadian rhythms. Provencio et al., (2000) found the photochemical responsible for this effect, which they named ________.

Answer 41

MELANOPSIN

Question 42

This syndrome causes a 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles.

Answer 42

ADVANCED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROME

Question 43

This syndrome consists of a 4-hour delay in sleep/walking rhythms.

Answer 43

DELAYED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROME

Question 44

The control of seasonal rhythms involves another part of the brain: the ______ _______. This structure sits on top of the midbrain, just in front of the cerebellum.

Answer 44

PINEAL GLAND

Question 45

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called _____, so named because it has ability in certain animals to turn the skin temporarily dark.

Answer 45

MELATONIN