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year 8 science > Chapter 9 Rocks > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Rocks Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what all rocks are made of

A

minerals

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2
Q

the outermost layer of the Earth, includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle

A

lithosphere

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3
Q

a very hot mixture of molten rock and gases, just below the Earth’s surface, that has come from the mantle

A

magma

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4
Q

material broken down by weathering and erosion that is moved by wind or water and collects in layers

A

sediments

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5
Q

elements found uncombined in the Earth’s crust

A

native elements

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6
Q

substance made up of atoms and molecules arranged in one of seven different shapes.

A

crystals

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7
Q

appearance of a mineral caused by the way it reflects light. A mineral can appear glassy, waxy, metallic, dull, pearly, silky or brilliant.

A

lustre

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8
Q

colour of a mineral as a fine powder, found by rubbing it onto an unglazed white ceramic tile

A

streak

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9
Q

a measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material. The hardness rating of a mineral is determined by comparison with ten standard minerals. Diamond has a hardness rating of 10 and can scratch other minerals with a lower hardness rating.

A

hardness

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10
Q

eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.

A

erosion

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11
Q

denoting rocks composed of broken pieces of older rocks.

A

clastic

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12
Q

interactions of substances as studied in chemistry.

A

chemical

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13
Q

relating to or derived from living matter.

A

organic

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14
Q

the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form.

A

fossils

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15
Q

rocks that form from the cooling of lava or magma as it is thrown through the air from a volcanic eruption

A

igneous rocks

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16
Q

igneous rock that forms when lava cools above the Earth’s surface

A

extrusive rocks

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17
Q

a pale rock that forms when frothy lava cools in the air. Pumice often floats on water as it is very light and full of holes that once contained gas.

A

pumice

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18
Q

a dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly

A

scoria

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19
Q

a property of a material or substance that easily scratches another

A

abrasive

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20
Q

a dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava. It sometimes has holes that once contained volcanic gases.

A

basalt

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21
Q

a black, glassy rock that breaks into pieces with smooth shell-like surfaces

A

obsidian

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22
Q

igneous rock that forms when magma cools below the Earth’s surface

A

intrusive rocks

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23
Q

intrusive rock mass that measures more than 100 kilometres across

A

batholiths

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24
Q

a hard, igneous rock with different-coloured crystals large enough to see. It forms slowly below the Earth’s surface.

A

granite

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25
Q

flat, open land beside a river where sediments are deposited during floods

A

floodplains

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26
Q

large bodies of ice that move down slopes and push boulders, rocks and gravel in front of them

A

glaciers

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27
Q

deposit left by movement of a glacier

A

moraines

28
Q

a sedimentary rock with medium-sized grains. The sand grains are cemented together by silica, lime or other salts.

A

sandstone

29
Q

a fine-grained, sedimentary rock without layering

A

mudstone

30
Q

a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed in layers by the consolidation of clay

A

shale

31
Q

a sedimentary rock with a particle size between that of sandstone and mudstone

A

siltstone

32
Q

sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together

A

conglomerate

33
Q

a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of sea organisms. It consists mainly of calcium carbonate.

A

limestone

34
Q

a sedimentary rock formed from dead plants and animals that were buried before rotting completely

A

coal

35
Q

a sedimentary deposit formed when a salt lake or seabed dried up. Its main chemical is sodium chloride.

A

rock salt

36
Q

the process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat (or both)

A

metamorphism

37
Q

rock formed from another rock that has been under great heat or pressure (or both)

A

metamorphic rocks

38
Q

a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed as a result of moderate heat and pressure on shale

A

slate

39
Q

a metamorphic rock formed as a result of great pressure on limestone

A

marble

40
Q

a coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed mainly as a result of great pressure on granite

A

gneiss

41
Q

rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them

A

mineral ores

42
Q

extraction of natural resources from the Earth

A

mining

43
Q

study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment

A

environmental impact statement (EIS)

44
Q

restored to its previous condition

A

rehabilitated

45
Q

waste rock removed from below the topsoil. This rock is replaced when the area is restored.

A

overburden

46
Q

mining that scours out soil and rocks on the surface of the land

A

open-cut mining

47
Q

mining that uses shafts and tunnels to remove rock from deep below the surface

A

underground mining

48
Q

any remains, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a former geological age; evidence of life in the past

A

fossil

49
Q

the buckling of rocks. It is caused when rocks are under pressure from both sides.

A

folding

50
Q

a scientist who studies fossils

A

palaeontologists

51
Q

the age of a rock compared with the age of another rock

A

relative age

52
Q

animal that eats other animals

A

carnivores

53
Q

animals that eat dead plant and animal material

A

scavengers

54
Q

cavity in a rock that shows the shape of the hard parts of an organism; types of fungi found growing on the surface of foods

A

mould

55
Q

fossils that provide evidence, such as footprints, that an organism was present when the rock was formed

A

trace fossils

56
Q

describes volcanoes that are no longer active. Extinct volcanoes have not erupted for thousands of years and show no sign of future eruption.

A

extinct

57
Q

a law that states that energy cannot be made or lost. However, energy can be transformed from one type to another or transferred from one object to another.

A

Law of Conservation of Energy

58
Q

the energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor

A

electrical energy

59
Q

energy stored due to the height of an object above a base level

A

gravitational potential energy

60
Q

potential energy derived from chemical reactions

A

chemical energy

61
Q

the potential energy stored in a stretched elastic material

A

elastic potential energy

62
Q

the energy stored at the centre of atoms, the tiny particles that make up all substances. Nuclear energy can be released from the radioactive metals uranium or plutonium, and transformed into electrical energy in a nuclear power station.

A

nuclear energy

63
Q

the fraction of energy supplied to a device as useful energy. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

A

efficiency

64
Q

releasing its own light

A

luminous

65
Q

describes objects that emit light when they are hot

A

incandescent

66
Q

describes living things that release light energy

A

bioluminescent

67
Q

describes light sent in many directions by small particles within a substance

A

scattered

year 8 science (3 decks)

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