Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Guyton Textbook Chapters > Chapter 9: Review of the Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Review of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the cardiac cycle begin?

A

Sinus node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the sinus node located?

A

Superior lateral wall of the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the AP go from the sinus node?

A

Through both atria, AV bundle, then into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long of a delay is there from the atria to the ventricles?

A

> 0.1 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the delay from the atria to the ventricles allow for?

A

Allows for atria to contract ahead of ventricular contraction and pump blood into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the primer pumps for the ventricles?

A

Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the major source of power for moving blood through the vasculature?

A

Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two things make up the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole and diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the duration of the cardiac cycle and heart rate relate?

A

The duration of the cardiac cycle is the RECIPROCAL of the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does HR affect the duration of the cardiac cycle?

A

Inc. HR dec. duration of cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which decreases more w/ inc. HR? Systole or Diastole? Explain

A

Diastole because it comprises 0.6 of the entire cardiac cycle; if the heart is beating quickly and does not allow time for it to relax and fill completely, this will decrease diastole more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How much of the blood flows directly into the ventricles from the atria?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much blood is pumped into the ventricles during atrial contraction?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How much ventricular pumping effectiveness is increased by the flood flow from the atria to the ventricles?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much more blood is pumped throughout the body than is required?

A

300-400%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F When the atria fail, we are able to easily notice

A

False; when the atria fail we will not be able to notice it UNLESS the person is excercising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When the atria fail, what types of symptoms will we see?

A

S/S of heart failure
Biggest one is SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

During ventricular systole, where does blood accumulate and why?

A

Blood accumulates in the R/L atria d/t the AV valves being closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the rapid filling of ventricles period?

A

When the increased pressure in the atria during ventricular systole pushes the AV valves open and allows for blood to flow into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long is the “rapid filling of ventricles” period?

A

Lasts for the first 1/3 of diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the first third of diastole?

A

Rapid filling of ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the middle third of diastole?

A

Small amount of blood flowing into the ventricles; blood continues to empty into atria from veins and passes directly into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the last third of diastole?

A

The atria contract and give additional thrust of inflow of blood into the ventricles

25
Q

What does stiffening with aging or specific types of diseases cause?

A

Cardiac Fibrosis

26
Q

What is cardiac fibrosis?

A

Stiffening of the heart that causes less blood to fill the ventricles in the early portion of diastole

27
Q

What does cardiac fibrosis require to maintain good cardiac output?

A

Inc. preload (volume) or filling from later in the atrial contraction

28
Q

What is the period of isovolumic (isometric) contraction?

A

After ventricular contraction starts, the ventricular pressure rises fast and causes AV valves to close. The ventricles build up more pressure and push the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic valves) open

29
Q

T/F Isovolumic contraction allows for emptying during this time

A

False; Contraction is occurring but NOT EMPTYING

30
Q

What is occurring to cardiac mm during isovolumic contraction?

A

Cardiac mm tension is increasing but there is little to no shortening of the mm fibers

31
Q

At what pressure does ejection occur in the R/L ventricle?

A

L = >80 mmHg
R = >8 mmHg

32
Q

Which valves are pushed open when ventricular pressures are increased?

A

Semilunar valves

33
Q

When blood leaves the ventricles, which arteries is blood ejected into?

A

The aorta and pulmonary artery

34
Q

How much of the blood in the ventricles is ejected during systole?

A

60%

35
Q

How much of the blood empties during the first third and last 2/3 of the ejection period?

A

1st third = 70%
Last two thirds = 30%

36
Q

What is another name for the first third of the ejection phase?

A

Period of rapid ejection

37
Q

What is another name for the last two-thirds of the ejection phase?

A

Period of slow ejection

38
Q

When does the period of isovolumic relaxation occur?

A

At the end of systole

39
Q

What occurs during isovolumic relaxation?

A

Both the R and L intraventricular pressure decrease rapidly

40
Q

What is a normal end-diastolic volume?

A

110-120 ml

41
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume?

A

The amount of volume that fills the ventricles

42
Q

During systole, how much does the volume decrease by?

A

~70 ml

43
Q

During systole, when the volume decreases, what is this called?

A

Stroke volume output

44
Q

What is the end-systolic volume?

A

The remaining volume in each ventricle after systole

45
Q

What is a normal end-systolic volume?

A

~40-50 ml

46
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

The fraction of end-diastolic volume that is ejected?

47
Q

What is a normal EF?

A

60% or 0.6

48
Q

What does EF help assess?

A

Cardiac systolic pumping capabilities

49
Q

When you have strong contractions, will you have a higher or lower ESV (end-systolic volume)?

A

Lower; it might decrease by 10-20 ml

50
Q

When lots of blood flows into the ventricles during diastole, will you have a lower or higher EDV?

A

Higher; it might increase to 150 or 180 ml

51
Q

When you increase EDV but decrease ESV, what occurs with the stroke volume output?

A

Stroke volume output will increase to more than double

52
Q

What are the two atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

Tricuspid and mitral

53
Q

What do the AV valves do?

A

Prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria

54
Q

Which valves are thinner? Which are thicker?

A

AV valves are thinner; Semilunar valves are thicker

55
Q

What are your semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary artery

56
Q

What do your semilunar valves do?

A

Prevent backflow from aorta and pulmonary artery back into the ventricles during diastole

57
Q

When do valves open? When do they close?

A

Open when there is an inc. in forward pressure
Close when there is an inc. in backward pressure

58
Q
A

Guyton Textbook Chapters (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions