Chapter 9 - Respiratory System & Motor System Flashcards
What is breathing? Where does it take place?
The process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration. Takes place across a respiratory membrane.
What is a respiratory membrane?
The membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water).
What is respiration?
All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxde between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration.
Where does external respiration take place and what does it involve?
Take place in the lungs and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the air and blood.
Where does internal respiration take place and what does it involve?
Takes place within the body and involes the exchange of O2 and CO2 moleculles between the blood and tissue fluids.
What is the trachea and what is it consisted of?
The trachea is the windpipe. It is consisted of mucus-producing cells which line the trachea, and the walls of the trachea are supported by bands of cartilage.
What is the epiglottis and what is it’s function?
The structure that covers the glottis (opening of the trachea) during swallowing which allows food to enter the esophagus instead of the trachea.
What are bronchi, their function, and what are they consisted of?
The passages from the trachea to the left and right lung which carry air from the trachea to the bronchioles. They are consisted of bands of cartilage.
What are bronchioles and what are they consisted of? What does their structure do to them?
The smallest passageways of the respiratory tract. They are made of muscle. Muscles in the walls can decrease their diamater and any closing of the bronchioles increases the resistance of air movement and can produce a wheezing sound.
What are alveoli?
Sacs of the lung in which gas exchange occurs.
What is the process of gas exchange in the alveoli?
Air moves from the bronchioles into the alveoli. Gases diffuse between the air and blood according to concentration gradients. Oxygen and carbon dioxide both move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. Oxygen moves from the air within alveoli into the capillaries. Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the air in the alveoli.
What are alveoli’s surrounded by?
Capillaries.
What is the shape of the alveoli during inhalation and exhalation? What occurs to the alveoli?
During inhalation, alveoli appears bulb-shaped. During exhalation, the tiny sacs collapse. The two membranes touch but do not stick together as a film of fat and protein called lipoprotein prevents it from sticking.
What is the pharynx? What branches from it?
The air filled channel at the back of the mouth. Two openings branch from it, the trachea and the esophagus.
What is the larynx? What does it contain/consist of?
The voice box. It contains two sheets of elastic ligaments that form the vocl chords. It is protected by the thick cartilage (Adam’s apple). A large voice box means a deeper voice.
Where is the larynx located?
At the upper end of the trachea.
What is the pleural membrane and where is it found? What is the two membranes’ function?
A thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity. It is found at the outer surface of the lungs and the inner wall of the chest cavity. The two membranes adhere to each other which causes the lungs to expand and draw in air when the volume of the chest cavity is increased. The space between the membranes is filled with fluid to reduce friction between the lungs and the chest cavity during inhalation.
What is pleurisy? What causes it and what are the effects?
The inflammation of the pleural membranes. It is caused by a viral infection or pneumonia. The fluid builds up and puts pressure on the lungs making expiration easier but inspiration harder.
What is the diaphragm? What does the diaphragm do?
A sheet of muscle that seperates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm can regulate the pressure in the chest cavity.
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
The diaphragm muscle contracts, or shortens, pulling downward. The chest volume increases and the pressure in the lungs decreases. The atmosphere pressure is now greater than the pressure in the chest cavity, and the air moves into the lungs.
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape due to the force exerted by the organs in the abdomen. The chest volume decreases and pressure increases. The pressure in the chest cavity is now greater than the atmospheric pressure, and air moves out of the lungs.
When does inspiration occur?
When pressure inside the lungs is less than that of the atmosphere.
When does expiration occur?
When pressure inside the lung is greater than that of the atmosphere.
What is the inverse relationhip of pressure and volume?
An increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure.
What are the intercostal muscles? Where are they found?
Muscles that raises and lowers the ribcage. (Rib muscles.) The ribs are hinged to the vertebral column, allowing them to move up and down, and the intercostal muscles are found between the ribs.
What happes to the intercostal muscles during inhalation?
A nerve stimulus causes the intercostal muscles to contract, pulling the ribs upward and outward. This increases the volume of the chest, lowers the pressure in the chest cavity, and air moves into the lungs.
What happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration?
When the intercostal muscles aren’t stimulated, the muscles relax and the rib cage falls. The chest wall pushes against the lungs with greater pressure, and air is forces out of the lungs.
What is pneumothorax?
An accumulation of air inside the chest in the space between the pleural membranes that line the lungs and the inner chest wall. The pressure of the air of the pneumothorax can cause the lung to collapse. To treat it, the air must be removed so the lung can re-expand.
What happens to both the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm during inhalation?
The intercostal muscles contract, the diaphragm flattens and pulls downward, the rib cage pulls up and outward, chest volume increases, pressure in the lungs decreases, and air moves into the lungs.
What happens to both the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm during exhalation?
The intercostal muscles relax, the diaphragm becomes dome shaped, the rib cage falls, chest volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases, and air moves out of the lungs.
What does Dalton’s law of partial pressure states?
That each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, or partial pressure. Gases diffuse from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure.
Where is the highest partial pressure of oxygen found?
In the atmospheric air.
How does oxygen enter the blood stream?
Oxygen moves from the atmosphere to the alveoli through the respiratory system. It then diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and dissolves into the plasma.
Where is the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide found?
In the veins and venous blood.
What is carbonic anhydrase?
An enzyme in red blood cells that speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. (Speeds up the chemical reaction by 250 times.)
How many times is CO2 more soluable than O2?
20 times more soluable.
Where does 9% of CO2 thats produced by the tissues of the body go?
9% of CO2 is carried in plasma.
Where does 27% of CO2 in the body go?
27% of CO2 combines with hemogoblin to form carbaminohemoglobin.
Where does 64% of the CO2 in the body go?
64% of the CO2 combines with water from the plasmma to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
