Chapter 9-Respiratory And Muscular System

Question 1

1a. Describe the Principle structures of the respiratory system.

Answer 1

The airway: is the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. These carry air between the lungs and exterior.
The lungs: act as units that carry oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out.
The muscles of the respiratory system: this includes the diaphragm and intercostals. They work together to make a pump that brings air in and out of the body.

Question 2

1e. How does the body regulate breathing movements?

Answer 2

medulla oblongata detects the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations and signals the muscles in the heart, the lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease the breathing.

Question 3

1b. What is the general difference between external, internal, and cellular respiration?

Answer 3

External is gas exchange between air and blood.
Internal is gas exchange between blood and tissues.
Cellular is production of ATP in body cells.

Question 4

1c. Physiologically, what happens during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 4

Inspiration- pressure in lungs is less than atmosphere, diaphragm contracts and pulls downwards, chest increases and air moves into lungs.

Expiration- the pressure in the lungs is greater than that of the atmosphere, the diaphragm relaxes, chest decreases and air moves out.

Question 5

1d. what is the exchange of matter between the the body and environment using the mechanism of breathing in gas exchange?

Answer 5

C

Question 6

2. explain the links between technology and problems related to respiration.

Answer 6

2

Question 7

3. What type of experiments can be preformed to measure lung volume values?

Answer 7

The type of experiments that can be performs are breathing into a spirometer to measure how many litres of air we have in our lungs.

Question 8

4. How is the motor (muscular) system fundamental to various body functions?

Answer 8

The muscle system is fundamental because it supports out posture and stability, circulation, the movement of our body parts and helps
With the production of heat.

Question 9

5. Explain how smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle function.

Answer 9

Smooth muscle is the muscles that are the lining of our internal organs ➡️ involuntary
Cardiac muscle is the muscle that is our heart that pumps blood. ➡️ involuntary
Skeletal muscles are the muscles attached to the bones of our body’s and help up with voluntary movements.

Question 10

6. Identify the different parts of the three muscle groups and give an example where to find each.

Answer 10

Smooth- stomach, uterus
Cardiac- heart
Skeletal- bicep, quads.

Question 11

7. Identify technology available that treats a disease/disorder/damage to the muscular system.

Answer 11

Sprains/strains are treated with rest, ice and anti-inflammatory medication
Spasms/ cramps are treated with hydration and electrolyte replacement

Question 12

8. Describe the general action of actin and myosin in muscle contractions and heat production.

Answer 12

Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments. Energy required for muscle contraction comes from ATP.

Question 13

9. Explain the relationship between fitness and muscle fibre type and efficiency of muscle action.

Answer 13

Fitness helps strengthen your muscles it improves oxygen flow, helps control weight and helps with health conditions.

Question 14

What is the difference between a sprain and strain?

Answer 14

A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, and a strain is a stretch or tear of a muscle or tendon.

Question 15

When muscles contract they…

Answer 15

Shorten

Question 16

When muscles relax they…

Answer 16

Lengthen

Question 17

A flexor is?

Answer 17

A muscle that contracts to bend a joint

Question 18

An extensor is…

Answer 18

A muscle that contracts to straighten a joint.

Question 19

Microfilaments are…

Answer 19

Threads of protein -actin and myosin.

Question 20

A tendon is…

Answer 20

Band of connective tissues that join muscles

Question 21

Insertion is where…

Answer 21

The muscle attaches to a moving bone.

Question 22

Chemoreceptors are…

Answer 22

Specialized nerves that are sensitive to specific chemicals. There are two types.

Question 23

What are the two types of chemoreceptors l?

Answer 23

Carbon dioxide (main regulator) 
And oxygen (back up receptor)

Question 24

What is partial pressure?

Answer 24

Each has in a mixture exerts its own pressure. 
Atmosphere is 21.2
Trachea is 20
Alveoli is 13.3 
Arteries is 12.6
Tissues is 4.9
Veins are 4.5

Question 25

Nicotine inhales does what to your body?

Answer 25

Blood clots
Blood vessels weaken
Heart disease
Cholesterol rises

Question 26

Inflammation of bronchioles, which results in narrowed air passages and decreased air movement is?

Answer 26

Bronchitis

Question 27

Emphysema is?

Answer 27

Inflammation and over inflation of the alveoli causing them to rupture and reducing the surface area available for diffusion.

Question 28

Pleurisy is

Answer 28

Inflammation of the pleural lining

Question 29

Bronchial asthma

Answer 29

Characterized by the narrowing of bronchial passages

Question 30

Lung tumours

Answer 30

Reduce the surface area for diffusion

Question 31

Pneumothorax

Answer 31

Air in between lungs and intercostal space

Question 32

Hemothorax

Answer 32

Blood between lungs and intercostal.