Chapter 9- Respiration Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is cellular respiration?
Respiration us the breakdown (oxidization) of food substances (molecules) with the release of energy in living cells.
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of food substances (molecules) in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy. (Waste products water and carbon dioxide are produced in this process.)
State the word equation for aerobic respiration of glucose.
Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + energy
Energy is released during respiration and temporarily stored in _________ ___________.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, which are small packets of energy.
Why do humans require large amounts of energy? (Generated via aerobic respiration)
- Synthesis of new protoplasm for growth and repair.
- Synthesis of proteins to form amino acids.
- Active transport for absorption of food substances by the small intestine. (ileum to epithelial cells to capillaries)
- Muscular contractions such as heartbeats and respiratory movements. (strong forces needed)
- Transmission of nerve impulses.
- Cell division.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown (oxidization) of food substances in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is mainly used by microorganisms that live in ________________. However, many organisms can respire anaerobically even when they can respire aerobically.
Areas where there is little or no oxygen.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Glucose > ethanol (contains energy) carbon dioxide + energy
Alcoholic fermentation
Hat is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?
Glucose > lactic acid + energy (small amount)
How is anaerobic respiration activated in humans?
- Vigorous muscle contractions.
- Respiratory and heart rate increases to take in more oxygen.
- However, the increased oxygen rate cannot meet the demands, thus anaerobic respiration is activated for extra energy.
- Lactic acid is produced as a waste product.
Why do runners experience fatigue or muscle cramps? What happens after the run?
- Accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells during anaerobic respiration will lead to muscle pains and sometimes fatigue.
- When allowed to rest, breathing will repay the oxygen debt.
- Lactic acids are removed from muscle cells and transported to the liver, where it is oxidized to release energy, and then converted into glucose.
What are the products of respiration?
- Carbon dioxide
- Water
- Heat
How can we prove that carbon dioxide is produced during respiration?
- Snail and flask test
- Hydrogen carbonate indicator
- Alcoholic fermentation and limewater
How can we prove that heat is produced during respiration?
- Germinating pea experiment with vacuum flask
Why do animals need a respiratory system?
- Small surface area to volume ratio.
- External surfaces (skin and scales) of animals are usually thickened to prevent water loss, thus they are not suitable for gas exchange.
List the names of the parts of the respiratory system.
- Nasal passage
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea (C shaped ring of cartilage)
- Bronchi
- Lung
- Rib
- Bronchioles
- Cluster of alveoli
What are the advantages of breathing through the nose?
- Dust, foreign particles and bacteria in the air, are trapped by the hairs in the nostril and the mucus in the mucous membrane.
- Air is warmed and moistened as it passes through the nasal passage.
- Harmful chemicals can be detected by small sensory cells in mucous membrane.
The trachea is supported by 1. _______________. The 2. ___________ helps to 3. __________________.
- C-shaped rings of cartilage
- Cartilage (firm connective tissue)
- Keep the lumen of the trachea open (if not it will sag)
Draw a diagram of the transverse section of the trachea.
Insert image
What does the epithelium in the trachea consist of?
- Gland cells- secret mucus to trap dust particles and bacteria.
- Ciliates cells- hair like structures called cilia, which sweep the dust-trapped mucus up the trachea.
Insert image
How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange? (Focus on alveoli)
- Numerous alveoli provide large surface area.
- Wall of alveolus is only one cell thick- faster rate of diffusion.
- Thin film of moisture covers the surface of the alveolus- gases can dissolve in it (specifically oxygen).
- Rich in blood capillaries- maintain good concentration gradient of gases.
Gas exchange in the lungs occur by __________. A _____________ for oxygen and carbon dioxide is set up between blood and alveolar air. Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
Diffusion, concentration gradient.
How are the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients between the alveolar air and the blood maintained?
- A continuous flow of blood through the blood capillaries.
2. Movement of air in and out of the alveoli, caused by breathing.
How is oxygen absorbed into the lungs?
- One cell thick alveolar wall is permeable to O2 and CO2.
- Alveolar air has higher concentration of O2, thus O2 dissolves in the moisture lining the alveolar walls and then diffuses into the blood capillaries.
- Oxygen + haemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin (in RBC)
- When blood passes through oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhemoglobin will release the O2 which will then diffuse through the walls of the blood capillaries into the cells of the tissues.
