Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Chapter 9- Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Respiration us the breakdown (oxidization) of food substances (molecules) with the release of energy in living cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of food substances (molecules) in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy. (Waste products water and carbon dioxide are produced in this process.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State the word equation for aerobic respiration of glucose.

A

Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Energy is released during respiration and temporarily stored in _________ ___________.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, which are small packets of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do humans require large amounts of energy? (Generated via aerobic respiration)

A
  1. Synthesis of new protoplasm for growth and repair.
  2. Synthesis of proteins to form amino acids.
  3. Active transport for absorption of food substances by the small intestine. (ileum to epithelial cells to capillaries)
  4. Muscular contractions such as heartbeats and respiratory movements. (strong forces needed)
  5. Transmission of nerve impulses.
  6. Cell division.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown (oxidization) of food substances in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anaerobic respiration is mainly used by microorganisms that live in ________________. However, many organisms can respire anaerobically even when they can respire aerobically.

A

Areas where there is little or no oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Glucose > ethanol (contains energy) carbon dioxide + energy

Alcoholic fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hat is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

Glucose > lactic acid + energy (small amount)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is anaerobic respiration activated in humans?

A
  1. Vigorous muscle contractions.
  2. Respiratory and heart rate increases to take in more oxygen.
  3. However, the increased oxygen rate cannot meet the demands, thus anaerobic respiration is activated for extra energy.
  4. Lactic acid is produced as a waste product.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do runners experience fatigue or muscle cramps? What happens after the run?

A
  1. Accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells during anaerobic respiration will lead to muscle pains and sometimes fatigue.
  2. When allowed to rest, breathing will repay the oxygen debt.
  3. Lactic acids are removed from muscle cells and transported to the liver, where it is oxidized to release energy, and then converted into glucose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the products of respiration?

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Water
  3. Heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can we prove that carbon dioxide is produced during respiration?

A
  1. Snail and flask test
  2. Hydrogen carbonate indicator
  3. Alcoholic fermentation and limewater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can we prove that heat is produced during respiration?

A
  1. Germinating pea experiment with vacuum flask
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do animals need a respiratory system?

A
  1. Small surface area to volume ratio.
  2. External surfaces (skin and scales) of animals are usually thickened to prevent water loss, thus they are not suitable for gas exchange.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the names of the parts of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Nasal passage
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea (C shaped ring of cartilage)
  5. Bronchi
  6. Lung
  7. Rib
  8. Bronchioles
  9. Cluster of alveoli
17
Q

What are the advantages of breathing through the nose?

A
  1. Dust, foreign particles and bacteria in the air, are trapped by the hairs in the nostril and the mucus in the mucous membrane.
  2. Air is warmed and moistened as it passes through the nasal passage.
  3. Harmful chemicals can be detected by small sensory cells in mucous membrane.
18
Q

The trachea is supported by 1. _______________. The 2. ___________ helps to 3. __________________.

A
  1. C-shaped rings of cartilage
  2. Cartilage (firm connective tissue)
  3. Keep the lumen of the trachea open (if not it will sag)
19
Q

Draw a diagram of the transverse section of the trachea.

A

Insert image

20
Q

What does the epithelium in the trachea consist of?

A
  1. Gland cells- secret mucus to trap dust particles and bacteria.
  2. Ciliates cells- hair like structures called cilia, which sweep the dust-trapped mucus up the trachea.

Insert image

21
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange? (Focus on alveoli)

A
  1. Numerous alveoli provide large surface area.
  2. Wall of alveolus is only one cell thick- faster rate of diffusion.
  3. Thin film of moisture covers the surface of the alveolus- gases can dissolve in it (specifically oxygen).
  4. Rich in blood capillaries- maintain good concentration gradient of gases.
22
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs occur by __________. A _____________ for oxygen and carbon dioxide is set up between blood and alveolar air. Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.

A

Diffusion, concentration gradient.

23
Q

How are the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients between the alveolar air and the blood maintained?

A
  1. A continuous flow of blood through the blood capillaries.

2. Movement of air in and out of the alveoli, caused by breathing.

24
Q

How is oxygen absorbed into the lungs?

A
  1. One cell thick alveolar wall is permeable to O2 and CO2.
  2. Alveolar air has higher concentration of O2, thus O2 dissolves in the moisture lining the alveolar walls and then diffuses into the blood capillaries.
  3. Oxygen + haemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin (in RBC)
  4. When blood passes through oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhemoglobin will release the O2 which will then diffuse through the walls of the blood capillaries into the cells of the tissues.
25
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from the lungs?

A
  1. CO2 diffuses into the blood from tissues.
  2. CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 (carbonic acid)- via carbon anhydrase (enzyme present in RBCS)
  3. H2CO3 > H+ + HCO3-. HCO3- diffuses out of RBC and is carried by the plasma to the lungs.
  4. In the lungs, HCO3- diffuses back into RBC, and is then converted back into carbonic acid, then CO2 and H2O.
  5. CO2 diffuses out of blood capillaries into alveoli, then expelled.
26
Q

What events take place when we inspire?

A
  1. Diaphragm muscles contract and flatten.
  2. External intercostal muscles contract; internal relax.
  3. Ribs move upwards and outwards.
  4. Sternum moves forward.
  5. Volume of thoracic cavity increases.
  6. Lungs expand and air pressure inside decreases.
  7. P(atm) is now higher than pressure in lungs; air moves in.
27
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle and elastic tissue that contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the thoracic cavity.

28
Q

What events take place when we expire?

A
  1. Diaphragm muscles relaxes and arches upwards.
  2. Ribs move downwards and inwards.
  3. Sternum back to original position.
  4. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases.
  5. Lungs are compressed; air pressure increases.
  6. P(atm) lower than pressure in lungs, air moves out.
29
Q

How does inspired air differ from expired air?

A

Insert image.

30
Q

What is the stimulus for breathing?

A

The stimulus form breathing is a high concentration of CO2 in the blood or alveolar air, and not the lack of oxygen. Breathing does not occur if there is too little carbon dioxide in the lungs.

31
Q

What is the graph like for stimulus for breathing?

A

Insert image

32
Q

What are the harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke?

A

Insert image

33
Q

How is chronic bronchitis (caused by prolonged exposure to irritant particles that are found in tobacco smoke) formed?

A
  1. Epithelium lining of air passages (bronchi) are inflamed.
  2. Excessive mucus secreted by the epithelium.
  3. Cilia on the epithelium are paralyzed. Mucus and dust cannot be removed.
  4. Air passages become blocked, making it difficult to breathe.
  5. Persistent coughing to clear air passages, which increases the risk of getting lung infection.
34
Q

What is emphysema? (Caused by violent and persisting coughing due to bronchitis)

A
  1. Partition walls between alveoli break down due to persistent and violent coughing.
  2. Results in decreases surface area for gaseous exchange.
  3. Lungs lose elasticity, become inflated with air.
  4. Breathing becomes difficult.
  5. Wheezing and severe breathlessness as a result.

Biology 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions