Chapter 9 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

an orderly set of stages from the first division of a eukaryotic cell to the time the resulting daughter cells divide

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

What happens prior to the next division in the cell cycle?

A

Cell grows larger
Number of organelles doubles
DNA is replicated

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3
Q

What are the two major stages of the cell cycle?

A
Interphase (includes several stages)
Mitotic stage (includes mitosis and cytokinesis)
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4
Q

Most of the cell cycle (90%) is spent in

A

interphase

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5
Q

Interphase consists of

A

G1, S, and G2 phases

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6
Q

In the G1 phase, the cell (4)

A
  1. is in recovery
  2. doubles its organelles
  3. grows in size
  4. and accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis
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7
Q

In the S phase, (blank) takes place, (blank) associated with DNA are synthesized. Chromosomes enter the S phase with one (blank) each and leave with 2 identical (blank) each. They remain (blank) until mitosis

A

DNA replication; proteins; chromatid; sister chromatids; attached

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8
Q

The G2 phase is located between (blank) and the onset of (blank)

A

DNA replication and onset of mitosis

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9
Q

In the G2 phase, the cell synthesizes (blank) including (blank) necessary for division

A

proteins, microtubules

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10
Q

What is mitosis? (2)

A
  1. nuclear division

2. daughter chromosomes are distributed by the mitotic spindle to two daughter nuclei

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11
Q

In mitosis, Daughter chromosomes are distributed by the (blank) to two daughter nuclei

A

mitotic spindle

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12
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

division of cytoplasm

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13
Q

Mitosis results in what?

A

two genetically identical daughter cells

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14
Q

The cell cycle is controlled by what types of signals?

A

internal and external

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15
Q

What are internal signals?

A

growth factors signaling proteins received at the plasma membrane

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16
Q

What are external signals?

A

family of proteins called cyclins that increase and decrease as the cell cycle continues. Specific cyclins must be present for the cell to proceed from one stage to the next.

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17
Q

What are cyclins?

A

family of proteins that are external signals in the cell cycle

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18
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

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19
Q

What does apoptosis involve? (4)

A

a sequence of cellular events that bring about the destruction of the cell:

  1. Fragmenting of the nucleus
  2. Blistering of the plasma membrane
  3. Engulfing of cell fragments by white blood or other cells
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20
Q

Apoptosis is caused by

A

enzymes called caspases

21
Q

Mitosis (blank) cell number

Apoptosis (blank) cell number

A

increases

decreases

22
Q

cells harbor (blank) that are normally kept in check by inhibitors (can be unleashed by internal or external signals)

A

caspase enzymes

23
Q

stops the cell cycle at G1 when the cell’s DNA is damaged., initiates an attempt at DNA repair

A

signaling protein p53

24
Q

DNA and histone proteins are collectively called

A

chromatin.

25
Q

DNA is associated with

A

histones

26
Q

function of histones (4)

A
  1. Play a structural role
  2. Have essential survival functions
  3. Primarily 5 types
  4. Responsible for DNA packing into nucleus
27
Q

DNA wound around an 8-histone core is called a

A

nucleosome

28
Q

A more highly compacted form of the chromosome is

A

heterochromatin

29
Q

During mitosis, sister chromatids are (blank) and distributed to (blank)

A

separated; daughter cells

30
Q

Before mitosis begins:

A

Chromatin condenses (coils) into distinctly visible chromosomes.

31
Q

Just outside the nucleus is the

A

centrosome

32
Q

In animals, the centrosome contains two barrel-shaped

A

centrioles

33
Q

the microtubule organizing center in animal cells.

A

centrosomes

34
Q

Centrosome was also replicated in (blank) of interphase, so there are two centrosomes before mitosis begins.

A

S-phase

35
Q

Centrosome organizes the (blank)

A

mitotic spindle

36
Q

What happens in early prophase? (3)

A
  1. Centrosomes have duplicated.
  2. Chromatin is condensing into chromosomes
  3. and the nuclear envelope is fragmenting.
37
Q

What happens in prophase? (4)

A
  1. Nucleolus has disappeared
  2. and duplicated chromosomes are
    visible.
  3. Centrosomes begin moving
    apart
  4. and spindle is in process
    of forming.
38
Q

What happens in pro-metaphase? (2)

A
  1. the kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to a
    kinetochore spindle fiber.
  2. Polar spindle fibers stretch from each spindle pole and overlap.
39
Q

What happens in metaphase? (2)

A
  1. Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (center of fully formed spindle).
  2. Kinetochore spindle fibers attached to the
    sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles
40
Q

What happens in anaphase? (2)

A
  1. Sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the spindle poles.
  2. In this way, each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.
41
Q

What happens in telophase? (2)

A
  1. Daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and
    nucleoli reappear.
  2. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatin.
42
Q

What happens in cytokinesis? (4)

A
  1. Allocates the mother cell’s cytoplasm equally to daughter nucleus.
  2. Encloses each daughter cell in its own plasma membrane.
  3. Often begins in anaphase
  4. Proceeds differently in plant and animal cells
43
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in animal cells? (4)

A
  1. Cleavage furrow appears between daughter nuclei.
  2. Formed by a contractile ring of actin filaments
  3. Like pulling on a drawstring
  4. Eventually pinches the mother cell in two
44
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in plant cells? (7)

  1. begins with formation of
  2. what does not permit
  3. what are made by Golgi
  4. they (blank) into
  5. membranes of the (blank) become the (blank) between the daughter cells
  6. space between daughter cells is filled with
  7. daughter cells secrete
A
  1. Cytokinesis in plant cells begins with the formation of a cell plate.
  2. Rigid cell walls outside plasma membrane do not permit furrowing.
  3. Many small membrane-bounded vesicles are made by Golgi.
  4. They eventually fuse into one thin vesicle extending across the mother cell.
  5. The membranes of the cell plate become the plasma membrane between the daughter cells.
  6. The space between the daughter cells becomes filled with the middle lamella.
  7. Daughter cells later secrete primary cell walls on opposite sides of the middle lamella, which cements the primary cell walls together.
45
Q

What are the functions of mitosis? (6)

A
  1. It permits growth and repair.
    - In mammals, mitosis is necessary when:
  2. A fertilized egg becomes an embryo
  3. An embryo becomes a fetus
  4. After birth a child becomes an adult
  5. A cut heals or a broken bone mends
  6. In flowering plants, meristematic tissue retains the ability to divide throughout the life of the plant.
46
Q

to produce human tissues can begin with either adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

A

therapeutic cloning

47
Q

Embryonic stem cells can be used for (blank), the production of a new individual.

A

reproductive cloning

48
Q

Many mammalian organs contain (blank) They retain the ability to divide.

A

stem cells.