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Chapter 9: Production and Cost in the Long Run Flashcards

(19 cards)

1
Q

isoquant

A

A curve showing all possible combinations of inputs physically capable of producing a given fixed level of output.

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2
Q

isoquant map

A

A graph showing a group of isoquants; all isoquants lying above and to the right of a given isoquant indicates higher level of output

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3
Q

marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS)

A

The rate at which one input is substituted for another along an isoquant

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4
Q

isocost curve

A

Line that shows the various combinations of inputs that may be purchased for a given level of expenditure at given input prices; useful tool for analyzing the cost of purchasing inputs

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5
Q

expansion path

A

The curve or locus of points that shows the cost-minimizing input combination for each level of output with the input/price ratio held constant.

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6
Q

long-run average cost (LAC)

A

Long-run total cost divided by output (LAC = LTC/Q).

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7
Q

long-run marginal cost (LMC)

A

The change in long-run total cost per unit change in output (LMC = ΔLTC/ΔQ).

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8
Q

economies of scale

A

Occurs when long-run average cost (LAC) falls as output increases.

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9
Q

diseconomies of scale

A

Occurs when long-run average cost (LAC) rises as output increases.

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10
Q

specialization and division of labor

A

Dividing production into separate tasks allows workers to specialize and become more productive, which lowers unit costs.

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11
Q

constant costs

A

Neither economies nor diseconomies of scale occur, thus LAC is flat and equal to LMC at all output levels.

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12
Q

minimum efficient scale (MES)

A

Lowest level of output needed to reach minimum long-run average cost.

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13
Q

economies of scope

A

Exist when the joint cost of producing two or more goods is less than the sum of the separate costs of producing the goods.

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14
Q

multiproduct total cost function: LTC (X,Y)

A

Gives the lowest total cost for a multiproduct firm to produce X units of one good and Y units of another good.

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15
Q

joint products

A

When production of good X causes one or more other goods to be produced as by products at little or no additional cost.

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16
Q

common or shared inputs

A

Inputs that contribute to the production of two or more goods or services

17
Q

purchasing economies of scale

A

Large buyers of inputs receive lower input prices through quantity discounts, causing LAC to shift downward at the point of discount.

18
Q

learning or experience economies

A

When cumulative output increases, causing workers to become more productive as they learn by doing and LAC shifts downward as a result.

19
Q

short-run expansion path

A

Horizontal line showing the cost-minimizing input combinations for various output levels when capital is fixed in the short run.