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A & P Nervous System > Chapter 9 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of Neuroglial cells

A

fill spaces, provide structural frameworks, produce components of myelin (electrical insulator), carry on phagocytosis

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1
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of masses of nerve cells called

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Five types of Neuroglial cells

A

Microglial, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal, Schwann

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3
Q

Microglial cells

A

throughout nervous system - support neurons - phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris - form scars in areas of damage

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4
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin in the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Astrocytes

A

part of blood-brain barrier near blood vessels - support structures, aid in metabolism, regulate ion concentration and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces

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6
Q

Ependymal cells

A

cover inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

Peripheral nervous system Neuroglial cell - myelin-producing cells of the PNS

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

cytoplasmic extensions that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons

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9
Q

white matter

A

myelinated neurons in the CNS

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10
Q

myelinating process in children

A

gradual and can be observed in child’s development - responses to impulses are delayed/stunted until myelination is complete

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11
Q

T or F Nodes of Ranvier occur between adjacent neurons

A

False - Nodes of Ranvier occur between adjacent Schwann cells

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12
Q

Gray Matter

A

Unmyelinated nerve tissue in the CNS is called

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

multipolar neurons within the CNS that form links between other neurons

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14
Q

T or F If fibers are cut in the ascending tract there will still be a motor response.

A

False - the ascending tract relays information of stimuli to the CNS

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15
Q

What is the function of the descending tract

A

The descending tract relays a response to the effector after the stimuli has been processed in the CNS

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16
Q

T or F You will have nerve damage below the cut if fibers in the ascending tract are cut.

A

False - b/c the impulse came from below and is ascending up

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17
Q

Cell Membrane potential

A

cell membrane is electrically charged with respect to the inside part of the cell (polarized membrane) due to uneven distribution of postitive and negative ions on each side of the membrane

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18
Q

Resting potential

A

potential energy - negatively charged on inside/positively charged on the outside

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19
Q

Action potential

A

a nerve impulse (wave of depolarization and repolarization) that moves away from the point of stimulation on a nerve

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20
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the adjacent nerves where impulses pass

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21
Q

Polarized nerve fiber

A

The concentration of positive ions is higher on the outside and the concentration of negative ions is higher on the inside

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22
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap that separates two communication neurons

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23
Q

Action Potential

A

rapid sequence of depolarization and repolarization that occurs along the length of the nerve moving away from a point of stimulation

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24
Q

Saltatory conduction (myelinated fibers)

A

conduction is many times faster than conduction on unmyelinated fibers - speed of impulse conduction is proportional to the diamater of the axon - Motor neurons are larger/faster than sensory neurons

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25
Q

Reflex arc - order

A

Receptor - Sensory (afferent) neuron - Interneurons CNS - motor (efferent) neuron - effector

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26
Q

chromatophilic substance

A

membranous sacs similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

meninges

A

layered membranes between the bony coverings and the soft tissues of the CNS protecting the brain and the spinal cord

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28
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space that contains the clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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29
Q

mininges layers

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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30
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer of meninges - tough, white, fibrous connective tissue containing many blood vessels and nerves

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31
Q

arachnoid mater

A

thin weblike membrane without blood vessels between the dura and pia layers

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32
Q

pia mater

A

very thin layer containing many nerves and blood vessels that nourish underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

lumbar puncture position

A

puncture is placed in the subarachnoid space below the spinal cord between the first and second lumbar vertebrae

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34
Q

subdural hematoma

A

escaping blood collects beneath the dura mater (between the pia mater and the skull)

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35
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

begins in the spinal cord and carries sensory impulses associated with the sensations of pain, touch, and temperature to the thalamus of the brain

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36
Q

multipolar neurons

A

neuron with multiple dendrites - brain made up of billions of them & they communicate with one another and other parts of the CNS

37
Q

cerebellum - function

A

coordinates muscular activity - voluntary movement

38
Q

temporal lobe

A

associated with long term memory, concentration, planning and problem solving - area where you store your memories

39
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Neuroglial cells form epithelial-like membrane to contain the fluid- filled cavity of brain or spinal cord

40
Q

excite a neuron - definition

A

when a neuron is more excitable as a result of incoming sub-threshold stimulation it is said to be facilitated

41
Q

Ischemic

A

a cell lacking oxygen due to poor blood flow

42
Q

lumbar puncture

A

hollow needle inserted between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae below the spinal cord - pressure

43
Q

Diazepam is used for which - a. depresses activity in limbic system b. depresses activity in reticular formation c. increases activity or produces GABA d. All of the above

A

D - All of the above

44
Q

facilitation in regard to impulse processing

A

when action potential is not triggered by an impulse to a neuron, but the neuron is left in a more excitable state to incoming stimulation than it was before

45
Q

dendrites

A

part of neuron that provide receptive surfaces for impulses

46
Q

axon

A

part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

47
Q

meninges

A

layered membranes that protect and cushion the brain and spinal cord (dura, arachnoid, pia)

48
Q

where is CSF contained

A

the subarachnoid space

49
Q

caffeine’s effect on synaptic transmission

A

lowers the threshold so neurons are more easily excited

50
Q

action potential

A

nerve impulse (wave of depolarization and repolarization) that moves away from a point of stimulation on a nerve

51
Q

chromatophilic substance in cell body of nerve cell

A

membranous sacs similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum in other cells & function in protein synthesis

52
Q

where myelin is produced in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

53
Q

where myelin is produced in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

54
Q

root of spinal nerve containing motor nerves

A

descending tract

55
Q

root of spinal nerve containing sensory nerves

A

ascending tract

56
Q

describe the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in regard to the membrane of a polarized nerve

A

the outside membrane has an abundance of positive charge & high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) - the inside membrane has an abundance of negative charge (due to impermeable negative ions) & high concentration of potassium ions (K+)

57
Q

Resting potential

A

The separation of charge (positive and negative), or potential difference

58
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands that motor nerves deliver impulses to

59
Q

interneurons

A

form a link between other neurons

60
Q

amphetamines affect the nervous system how?

A

cause the release of nor-epinephrin

61
Q

During action potential what charge ions are moving into the nerve cell

A

positive sodium ions

62
Q

which ions move outside of the nerve cell during repolarization

A

potassium ions

63
Q

what age does myelin sheath begin to develop

A

14 week of prenatal development

64
Q

how does an infant’s nervous system function in relation to myelin production

A

responses are course, undifferentiated and may involve the whole body

65
Q

What drug decreases membrane permeability to sodium?

A

local anesthetics

66
Q

Do local anesthetics prevent nerve impulses from passing

A

Yes, they stunt depolarization and prevent the action potential resulting in impulses no longer passing along the nerve

67
Q

7th cranial nerve

A

Facial nerve

68
Q

facial nerve

A

7th cranial nerve - (motor and sensory) muscles for facial expression and for taste

69
Q

the radial nerve arising from the spinal plexus

A

brachial plexus

70
Q

phrenic nerve arising from spinal plexus

A

cervical plexus

71
Q

femoral nerve from spinal plexus

A

lumbosacral plexus

72
Q

when sensory impulses reach the reticular formation of the brainstem what occurs

A

the impulses activate the cerebral cortex into a state of wakefullness

73
Q

8th cranial nerve

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

74
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium

75
Q

12th cranial nerve

A

hypoglossal nerve

76
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

12th cranial nerve - motor nerve for muscles that move the tongue

77
Q

sympathetic tone

A

smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls continuously stimulated and in a state of partial contraction

78
Q

transmitter substance released from preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

acetylcholine (autonomic neurotransmitter)

79
Q

transmitter released from parasympathetic postgaglionic fibers

A

acetylcholine

80
Q

sympathetic postgaglionic fibers release this transmitter substance

A

norepinephrine (adrenergic)

81
Q

1st cranial nerve

A

olfactory - sensory for smell

82
Q

if descending tract damaged what activity would be affected

A

motor movement of muscle/gland would be damaged

83
Q

ascending fibers damaged affects this activity

A

sensory information to the brain would be impeded

84
Q

fluid-filled interconnected cavities of the brain containing CSF

A

ventricles

85
Q

part of brain coordinates voluntary movement and integrates sensory information to maintain posture

A

cerebellum

86
Q

part of brain stem containing cardiac and vasomotor centers

A

medulla oblongata

87
Q

part of brain responsible for initiation of voluntary muscle movement

A

cerebrum

88
Q

how do you measure the pressure of the CSF

A

lumbar puncture into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine (spinal tap)

89
Q

two major regions within the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

A & P Nervous System (1 decks)

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