Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
what is motivation?
a process that influences goal-directed behaviour
what is the instinct theory based on?
Darwin’s theory of evolution
an inherited predisposition to behave a certain way in response to certain stimuli is:
instinct
why is instinct theory not widely accepted?
circular reasoning
the modern evolutionary psychology view is a part of:
instinct theory 2.0
internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain is:
homeostasis theory
what are the four main steps to homeostasis theory?
1) sensors
2) control centre
3) response system
4) internal state
physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce __________. this is a part of ___________.
drives, drive theory
drives motivate behaviours to reduce __________
internal tension
homeostasis theory is applied to:
thirst, hunger, body temperature, weight, sleep, etc.
drive theory is less influential today because:
people behave contrary to its predictions
something that motivates or encourages an organism to do something is:
incentive (theory)
incentive provides a _______ toward a goal
pull
stimuli have a(n) _________ value
incentive
incentive theory is applied to understanding:
drug abuse
incentive theories are akin to __________ conditioning; where expectancy theories are akin to __________ conditioning.
classical, operant
under the expectancy theory, goal directed behaviours are driven by:
- strength of the expectation
- value that a person places on a goal
what are the two types of motivation:
- intrinsic motivation
- extrinsic motivation
performing an activity for its own sake is:
intrinsic motivation
performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment is:
extrinsic motivation
Freud proposed that most behaviour came from unconscious impulses and psychological defences, where conflict produces energy that needs to be released. this is:
the psychodynamic theory
under the psychodynamic theory, our strongest drives are:
sex and aggression
under the humanistic theory, there are two categories of needs, what are they?
- deficiency needs
- growth needs
needs concerned with physical and social survival are:
deficiency needs
needs that push us to develop our potential, and that are unique to humans, are:
growth needs
the end goal of the humanistic theory is:
self-actualization
deficiency and growth needs are arranged in a:
hierarchy
what are some issues with the hierarchy of needs?
- self actualization is a vague goal
- does not explain behaviours that go against the ranking of needs (ex: dieting)
what are the three key components of the self-determination theory?
- competence
- autonomy
- relatedness
hunger is a basic biological ________
drive
when feeling hungry, biology provides a __________, while expectation of a flavour provides a __________
push, pull
- decline of blood glucose levels over time
- liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
- causes blood glucose levels to rise
this cycle of increase and decrease in blood glucose levels are signals that:
start a meal
the peptide that is secreted by the stomach and small intestine, and is responsible for signalling hunger is:
ghrelin
the hormone secreted by fat cells that signals the brain to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure is:
leptin
mice with an ob gene mutation lack:
leptin
structures in hypothalamus play a role in regulating:
hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, body temperature
eating is __________ reinforced by good tastes
positively
eating is ____________ reinforced by hunger reduction
negatively
the viewing of human bodies as objects is:
objectification theory
genes influence ______________ and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue
basal metabolism
- inexpensive, tasty foods high in fat/carbs
- “supersizing” due to the cultural value of getting best value
- decreased daily activity due to technological advances
these are environmental factors that influence:
obesity
what are some motivations to have sex?
- reproduction
- pleasure
- expression of love and intimacy
- peer pressure :(
true or false: the theories on pornography studied in class are supported by research
false
- learning through observation
- coercion and domination are acceptable
- viewers become sexually aggressive
these are all aspects of the:
social learning theory prediction
- Freudian aspects of inborn aggression
- viewing pornography provides “safe” outlet
these are aspects of the:
catharsis theory prediction
emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex is:
sexual orientation
what is the uni-dimensional view?
“exclusively heterosexual” or “exclusively homosexual”
what are the three dimensions of sexual orientation?
- self-identity
- sexual attraction
- actual sexual behaviour
- hereditary predisposition
- biological, psychological, and environmental factors (still debated)
these are all current theories for:
the determinants of sexual orientation
- differences in sex hormones
- ineffectual father; domineering mother
- seduction by adult homosexual
these are all old theories for:
the determinants of sexual orientation
the evidence for genetics being a determinant for sexual orientation is:
concordance rates being higher amongst identical twins than fraternal twins
focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself is:
achievement goal theory
the desire to master tasks and learn new knowledge and skills (intrinsic motivation) is:
mastery orientation
the desire to be judged fairly compared to others, with as little effort as possible, is:
performance orientation
those with a high fear of failure will display:
- performance-approach goals
- performance-avoidance goals
performance-approach goals are:
the desire to be judged favourably according to others
performance avoidance goals are:
the desire to avoid negative judgement, which impairs performance
- ambitious
- persist longer at difficult tasks
- perform best when conditions are challenging
these are all traits of:
high-need achievers
people tend to prefer situations of _________ chance of success
intermediate
the type of conflict where you must decide between two desirable or attractive goals is:
approach-approach conflict
the type of conflict where you must decide between two undesirable or negative goals is:
avoidance-avoidance conflict
the type of conflict where you are being repelled and attracted by the same goals is:
approach-avoidance conflict
consequences in the future have a decrease in the value of incentive, this is:
delay discounting
what is emotion?
mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences
what is the link between motivation and emotion?
react when goals are gratified, threatened, or frustrated
emotions that narrow attention and increase physiological activation are:
negative emotions
emotions that broaden thinking, exploration and skill learning are:
positive emotions
emotions are a response to:
eliciting stimuli
emotions result from ____________ of the stimuli
cognitive appraisal
bodies respond ____________ to stimuli
physiologically
emotions include _____________, including expressive and instrumental behaviour
behaviour tendencies
adults are primed to respond to ______________ stimuli
evolutionarily significant
previous experiences can affect current emotional experiences, this is:
learning
what allows for interpretation and evaluation of sensory stimuli?
cognitive appraisal
is there an effect of culture on cognitive appraisal?
yes
the destruction of which parts of the brain can produce aggression?
hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus
the ability to regulate emotion comes from the:
cerebral cortex
the thalamus sends sensory input along two independent neural pathways, this is known as:
the dual pathway of emotion
where are the two neural pathways in the dual pathway of emotion?
1) the amygdala
2) the cerebral cortex
the amygdala is responsible for:
emotional and behavioural reaction
the cerebral cortex is responsible for:
conscious interpretation
true or false: the amygdala can process input before interpretation by the cerebral cortex
true
people with hippocampal damage can still acquire a:
fear response
which side of the brain is associated with positive emotion?
the left hemisphere
which side of the brain is associated with negative emotions?
the right hemisphere
observable displays of emotion are:
expressive behaviours
expressive behaviours allow us to _______ emotion and react accordingly
read
what are two examples that show there are fundamental emotional patterns?
- expression of emotions that are similar across cultures
- children blind from birth express basic emotions like other kids do
under an evolutionary view, certain emotions are:
innate
behaviours directed at achieving a goal are:
instrumental behaviours
the theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, even if they combine in complex way is:
discrete emotions theory
the cultural evidence for the discrete emotions theory is:
people recognize and generate the same emotional expressions across cultures
what are the seven primary emotions of the discrete emotions theory?
- happiness
- disgust
- fear
- sadness
- surprise
- contempt
- anger
cultures differ in their societal guidelines for how and when to:
express emotion
primary emotions can be differentiable by:
physiological responses
the concept that emotions are products of thinking is:
cognitive theories of emotion
the theory that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli is:
James-Lange theory
the theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction is:
Cannon-Bard theory
the theory that we use our “gut reactions” to gauge how we should act is:
somatic marker theory
the theory that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal is:
two-factor theory
the idea that you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features is the:
facial feedback hypothesis
