CHAPTER 9 - MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Flashcards
The brain pathways and circuitry that shows significant advances during middle and late childhood
prefrontal cortex
Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language or in doing mathematics.
learning disability
A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
dyslexia
A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.
dysgraphia
Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.
dyscalculia
A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
emotional and behavioral disorders
Children with these disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.
autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
A severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities, in communication, and restricted, repetitive , and stereotyped patterns of behavior.
autistic disorder
A relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder, nonverbal, language problems, and restricted range of interests and relationships.
asperger syndrom
A written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored to a child with disability.
individualized education plan (IEP)
A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
least restrictive environment (LRE)
Educating a child with special requirements full-time in the regular classroom.
inclusion
A centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others, is present in young children’s lack of conservation.
Centration
Stage where children reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific and concrete examples.
concrete operational stage
The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length).
seriation
The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
transivity
Developmentalists who argue that Piaget’s theory needs considerable revision because he only gave emphasis to information processing, strategies, and precise cognitive steps.
neo-Piagetians
A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.
long-term memory
A mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
working memory
Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information.
strategies
An important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.
elaboration
Older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting gist of information.
fuzzy trace theory
Thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating evidence.
critical thinking
Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks.
mindfulness
the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.
creative thinking
Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.
convergent thinking
Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.
divergent thinking
General knowledge about memory
metacognition
Binet’s measure of an
individual’s level of mental development
compared with that of others.
mental age
Binet’s measure of an
individual’s level of mental development
compared with that of others.
mental age
A person’s mental
age divided by chronological age, multiplied
by 100.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
A symmetrical distribution
with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
normal distribution
Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Tests of intelligence that are
designed to be free of cultural bias.
culture-fair tests
The anxiety that one’s
behavior might confirm a negative stereotype
about one’s group.
stereotype threat
A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life, and first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.
intellectual disability
A genetic disorder or condition involving brain damage that is linked to a low level of intellectual functioning.
organic intellectual disability
Condition in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage but the individual’s IQ generally is between 50 and 70.
cultural-familial intellectual disability
The epigenetic view emphasizes
that development is an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.
nature vs nurture
Having above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.
gifted
Knowledge about language, such as understanding what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language.
metalinguistic awareness
An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
whole-language approach
The idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
phonic approach
