CHAPTER 9 - MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Question 1

The brain pathways and circuitry that shows significant advances during middle and late childhood

Answer 1

prefrontal cortex

Question 2

Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language or in doing mathematics.

Answer 2

learning disability

Question 3

A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.

Answer 3

dyslexia

Question 4

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Answer 4

dysgraphia

Question 5

Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.

Answer 5

dyscalculia

Question 6

A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Answer 6

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 7

Serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.

Answer 7

emotional and behavioral disorders

Question 8

Children with these disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Answer 8

autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Question 9

A severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities, in communication, and restricted, repetitive , and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

Answer 9

autistic disorder

Question 10

A relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder, nonverbal, language problems, and restricted range of interests and relationships.

Answer 10

asperger syndrom

Question 11

A written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored to a child with disability.

Answer 11

individualized education plan (IEP)

Question 12

A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

Answer 12

least restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 13

Educating a child with special requirements full-time in the regular classroom.

Answer 13

inclusion

Question 14

A centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others, is present in young children’s lack of conservation.

Answer 14

Centration

Question 15

Stage where children reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific and concrete examples.

Answer 15

concrete operational stage

Question 16

The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length).

Answer 16

seriation

Question 17

The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

Answer 17

transivity

Question 18

Developmentalists who argue that Piaget’s theory needs considerable revision because he only gave emphasis to information processing, strategies, and precise cognitive steps.

Answer 18

neo-Piagetians

Question 19

A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.

Answer 19

long-term memory

Question 20

A mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

Answer 20

working memory

Question 21

Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information.

Answer 21

strategies

Question 22

An important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.

Answer 22

elaboration

Question 23

Older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting gist of information.

Answer 23

fuzzy trace theory

Question 24

Thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating evidence.

Answer 24

critical thinking

Question 25

Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks.

Answer 25

mindfulness

Question 26

the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

Answer 26

creative thinking

Question 27

Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.

Answer 27

convergent thinking

Question 28

Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.

Answer 28

divergent thinking

Question 29

General knowledge about memory

Answer 29

metacognition

Question 30

Binet’s measure of an
individual’s level of mental development
compared with that of others.

Answer 30

mental age

Question 31

Binet’s measure of an
individual’s level of mental development
compared with that of others.

Answer 31

mental age

Question 32

A person’s mental
age divided by chronological age, multiplied
by 100.

Answer 32

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 33

A symmetrical distribution
with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

Answer 33

normal distribution

Question 34

Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Answer 34

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 35

Tests of intelligence that are
designed to be free of cultural bias.

Answer 35

culture-fair tests

Question 36

The anxiety that one’s
behavior might confirm a negative stereotype
about one’s group.

Answer 36

stereotype threat

Question 37

A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life, and first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

Answer 37

intellectual disability

Question 38

A genetic disorder or condition involving brain damage that is linked to a low level of intellectual functioning.

Answer 38

organic intellectual disability

Question 39

Condition in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage but the individual’s IQ generally is between 50 and 70.

Answer 39

cultural-familial intellectual disability

Question 40

The epigenetic view emphasizes
that development is an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.

Answer 40

nature vs nurture

Question 41

Having above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.

Answer 41

gifted

Question 42

Knowledge about language, such as understanding what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language.

Answer 42

metalinguistic awareness

Question 43

An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

Answer 43

whole-language approach

Question 44

The idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Answer 44

phonic approach