Chapter 9-Language Considerations in Childhood Stuttering

Question 1

Is language likely a causal contributor to stuttering?

Answer 1

No, but it can be considered a potentially influential variable that is associated with fluency and stuttering

Question 2

When does stuttering onset typically occur between?

Answer 2

between the ages of 2 and 5 years, which is a time of tremendous growth

Question 3

Does fluent production of speech and the development of language skills interact together?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

Is it common to see children who stutter also have language disorders?

Answer 4

yes, SOME children who stutter exhibit co-occuring language disorders

Question 5

Where does effective human oral communication take place within?

Answer 5

the context of language

Question 6

Because of the timing of the onset of stuttering and the development of major language milestones, during which period does stuttering develop?

Answer 6

it typically develops during a period of significant language growth marked by mastery of morphological and syntactic forms and dynamic vocabulary acquisition.

Question 7

When is the earliest reported onset of stuttering?

Answer 7

-18 months: approximately at the time they begin combing 2 words

Question 8

What do some studies of normally fluent children suggest with regards to periods of disfluency?

Answer 8

that periods of disfluency correspond to the acquisition of specific language milestones

Question 9

What is sacrificed in the face of producing complex language?

Answer 9

-fluency of speech production

there are trade-offs between linguistic and motor domains

Question 10

True or false: Sentence production becomes faster and more efficient in children over time as their growing linguistic skills are more firmly mastered and habituated

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

What did the results of examining the rate in spontaneous speech disfluencies in utterances that were considered above the child’s MLU?

Answer 11

Utterances above the MLU were more likely to be produced disfluently with both stuttering and nonstuttering disfluencies present

(Zackheim & Conture 2003)

Question 12

According to Zackheim and Conture , what may set the stage for a fluency breakdown?

Answer 12

disparities in languge production, such a s the use of increased complexity relatie to overall language proficiency (MLU)

Question 13

True or false: there is evidence for tradeoffs between language and fluency

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

What must clinicians be aware of in terms of developmental difficulties of a child’s utterances relative to his/her overall language development not just MLU?

Answer 14

it has the potential to adversely affect fluency

Question 15

As clinicians, what must be chosen with care?

Answer 15

targets for fluency therapy. they must maximize the potential for fluent production and, over time, to gradually challenge the child’s mastery of fluency skills through a hierarchy of successively more demanding utterances

Question 16

What are the clinical implications due to extensive research between the relatedness of fluency, speech, and language?

Answer 16

-our assessments of CWS should include a comprehensive evaluation of speech and language

Question 17

What will provide a clinician with an overall picture of a child’s strengths and weakness and will guide the planning of the therapeutic intervention?

Answer 17

assessment of lexical and metalinguistic skills along with syntactic abilities

Question 18

What may lead us in the direction of predicting the likelihood of recovery from stuttering?

Answer 18

particular associations between children’s language development and stuttering

Question 19

What is considered “persistent” stuttering?

Answer 19

-continued stuttering for 36 months or more after onset

Question 20

What is considered “late recovered” stuttering?

Answer 20

recovered between 18-36 months after onset

Question 21

What is considered “early recovered” stuttering?

Answer 21

recovered within 18 months of onset

Question 22

didn’t know how to word this:
Results suggested that no language deficits exited for CWS; expressive language was within or above normal limits. However, although the recovered and persistent groups did not show language differences, the persistent group did display increased variability in their performances on measures of expressive language compared with those of children who recovered.

Answer 22

.

Question 23

What are considered “atypical patterns” of language change? (this was found for persistent stutterers)

Answer 23

presenting limited change or a loss in language growth over time

Question 24

For CWS are there any differences between recovered and persistent groups in expressive language?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

Children who recovered from stuttering tended to move from __________ pattern on spontaneous language measures to one that was more _________ as they recovered.

Answer 25

- above age level | - age-appropriate

Question 26

Most findings indicate that CWS do not exhibit frank deficits in what?

Answer 26

do not exhibit frank deficits in language skills, although subtle differences between CWS and their peers have been noticed

Question 27

On a task of grammatical judgement who scored significantly more poorly?

Answer 27

CWS

Question 28

Discrepancies between what appear more frequently in the test profiles of CWS than in those of CWNS?

Answer 28

-between specific linguistic domains (such as receptive and expressive vocabulary)

Question 29

The suggestion that children with concomitant problems may be referred for services more readily than children with a single area of deficit clearly indicates what?

Answer 29

that this subgroup of CWS will frequently show up on SLP caseloads

Question 30

What is best practice in all assessments of suspected or diagnosed CWS?

Answer 30

include a full language battery as well as assessment of phonological skills in particular

Question 31

What are mazes?

Answer 31

a marker of linguistic disfluency in spontaneous speech

Question 32

TRUE OR FALSE: The need to distinguish between stuttered disfluencies and other disfluencies is not well documented

Answer 32

FALSE

Question 33

Is it true that children who have any form of communication disorder are more likely than the general population to have a co-occurring disorder?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

What does literature suggest about parental interactions and the home environment for CWS?

Answer 34

no substantive differences between the home environments and parental interaction styles observed in CWS and their fluent peers

Question 35

What did early work by Kelly and Conture (1992) find few differences between?

Answer 35

mothers of CWS and mothers of nonstuttering children on measures of speaking rate, response time latencies, and interrupting behavior. although a correlation was observed between stuttering frequency and the duration of mother-child overlapping speech.

Question 36

What did Weiss and Zebrowski find in terms of CWS responses to questions than when making assertions & structured vs. unstructured conversation?

Answer 36

they exhibited fewer disfluencies in response to questions and were more disfluent during unstructured conversations.

Question 37

Even though using reduced/simplified language will facilitate fluency, what will it potentially dampen?

Answer 37

linguistic growth

Question 38

What is the clinician faced with when assessing and/or treating CWS who exhibit concomitant language disorders?

Answer 38

determining therapeutic priorities