Chapter 9-Language Considerations in Childhood Stuttering Flashcards
Is language likely a causal contributor to stuttering?
No, but it can be considered a potentially influential variable that is associated with fluency and stuttering
When does stuttering onset typically occur between?
between the ages of 2 and 5 years, which is a time of tremendous growth
Does fluent production of speech and the development of language skills interact together?
yes
Is it common to see children who stutter also have language disorders?
yes, SOME children who stutter exhibit co-occuring language disorders
Where does effective human oral communication take place within?
the context of language
Because of the timing of the onset of stuttering and the development of major language milestones, during which period does stuttering develop?
it typically develops during a period of significant language growth marked by mastery of morphological and syntactic forms and dynamic vocabulary acquisition.
When is the earliest reported onset of stuttering?
-18 months: approximately at the time they begin combing 2 words
What do some studies of normally fluent children suggest with regards to periods of disfluency?
that periods of disfluency correspond to the acquisition of specific language milestones
What is sacrificed in the face of producing complex language?
-fluency of speech production
there are trade-offs between linguistic and motor domains
True or false: Sentence production becomes faster and more efficient in children over time as their growing linguistic skills are more firmly mastered and habituated
TRUE
What did the results of examining the rate in spontaneous speech disfluencies in utterances that were considered above the child’s MLU?
Utterances above the MLU were more likely to be produced disfluently with both stuttering and nonstuttering disfluencies present
(Zackheim & Conture 2003)
According to Zackheim and Conture , what may set the stage for a fluency breakdown?
disparities in languge production, such a s the use of increased complexity relatie to overall language proficiency (MLU)
True or false: there is evidence for tradeoffs between language and fluency
TRUE
What must clinicians be aware of in terms of developmental difficulties of a child’s utterances relative to his/her overall language development not just MLU?
it has the potential to adversely affect fluency
As clinicians, what must be chosen with care?
targets for fluency therapy. they must maximize the potential for fluent production and, over time, to gradually challenge the child’s mastery of fluency skills through a hierarchy of successively more demanding utterances
What are the clinical implications due to extensive research between the relatedness of fluency, speech, and language?
-our assessments of CWS should include a comprehensive evaluation of speech and language
What will provide a clinician with an overall picture of a child’s strengths and weakness and will guide the planning of the therapeutic intervention?
assessment of lexical and metalinguistic skills along with syntactic abilities
What may lead us in the direction of predicting the likelihood of recovery from stuttering?
particular associations between children’s language development and stuttering
What is considered “persistent” stuttering?
-continued stuttering for 36 months or more after onset
What is considered “late recovered” stuttering?
recovered between 18-36 months after onset
What is considered “early recovered” stuttering?
recovered within 18 months of onset
didn’t know how to word this:
Results suggested that no language deficits exited for CWS; expressive language was within or above normal limits. However, although the recovered and persistent groups did not show language differences, the persistent group did display increased variability in their performances on measures of expressive language compared with those of children who recovered.
.
What are considered “atypical patterns” of language change? (this was found for persistent stutterers)
presenting limited change or a loss in language growth over time
For CWS are there any differences between recovered and persistent groups in expressive language?
no
Children who recovered from stuttering tended to move from __________ pattern on spontaneous language measures to one that was more _________ as they recovered.
- above age level
- age-appropriate
Most findings indicate that CWS do not exhibit frank deficits in what?
do not exhibit frank deficits in language skills, although subtle differences between CWS and their peers have been noticed
On a task of grammatical judgement who scored significantly more poorly?
CWS
Discrepancies between what appear more frequently in the test profiles of CWS than in those of CWNS?
-between specific linguistic domains (such as receptive and expressive vocabulary)
The suggestion that children with concomitant problems may be referred for services more readily than children with a single area of deficit clearly indicates what?
that this subgroup of CWS will frequently show up on SLP caseloads
What is best practice in all assessments of suspected or diagnosed CWS?
include a full language battery as well as assessment of phonological skills in particular
What are mazes?
a marker of linguistic disfluency in spontaneous speech
TRUE OR FALSE: The need to distinguish between stuttered disfluencies and other disfluencies is not well documented
FALSE
Is it true that children who have any form of communication disorder are more likely than the general population to have a co-occurring disorder?
yes
What does literature suggest about parental interactions and the home environment for CWS?
no substantive differences between the home environments and parental interaction styles observed in CWS and their fluent peers
What did early work by Kelly and Conture (1992) find few differences between?
mothers of CWS and mothers of nonstuttering children on measures of speaking rate, response time latencies, and interrupting behavior.
although a correlation was observed between stuttering frequency and the duration of mother-child overlapping speech.
What did Weiss and Zebrowski find in terms of CWS responses to questions than when making assertions & structured vs. unstructured conversation?
they exhibited fewer disfluencies in response to questions and were more disfluent during unstructured conversations.
Even though using reduced/simplified language will facilitate fluency, what will it potentially dampen?
linguistic growth
What is the clinician faced with when assessing and/or treating CWS who exhibit concomitant language disorders?
determining therapeutic priorities
