Chapter 9 - Judgement and Reasoning

Question 1

reasoning

Answer 1

cognitive processes by which people start with info and come to conclusions that go beyond that info

Question 2

deductive reasoning

Answer 2

conclusions necessarily follows from the premises

Question 3

syllogisms

Answer 3

two broad statements called premises

third statement called conclusion

Question 4

categorical syllogisms

Answer 4

describe relationship between two categories using all no or some

Question 5

validity

Answer 5

a syllogism is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its two premises

Question 6

evaluation

production

Answer 6

• ask people of conclusion follows logically from presises

- ask people to indicate what logically follows from premises

Question 7

atmosphere effect

Answer 7

-if both premises and the conclusion all use the same descriptor (all no some) then people tend to say the syllogism is valid

Question 8

belief bias

Answer 8

if syllogism is true or agrees with a person’s beliefs, more likely to be judged valid
-if syllogism is false or disagrees with a person’s beliefs, more liekly to be judged not valid

Question 9

conditional syllgosims

Answer 9

if p then q
p = antecedent
q = consequent

Question 10

falsification principle

Answer 10

• to test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule
• when problem is stated in concrete everyday terms, correct response greatly increase

Question 11

pragmatic reasoning schema

permission schema

Answer 11

thinking about cause and effect in the world as part of experiencing everyday life
-if A is satisfied, B can be carried out

Question 12

inductive reasoning

Answer 12

• premises are based on observation
• we generalize from these cases to conclusions with varying degrees of certainty
• conclusions are probably true not definitely true

Question 13

Heuristics

Answer 13

rules of thumb, generally fast and efficient

-typically provide the correct answer but can fail

Question 14

availability heuristic

Answer 14

events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable than those less easily remembered

Question 15

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 15

the probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B

Question 16

confirmation bias

Answer 16

-tendency to selectively look for info that conforms to our hypothesis and overlook info that argues against it

Question 17

framing effect

Answer 17

the framing of a decision in terms of gains/losses can affect our evaluation of options and choices

Question 18

extremeness aversion

Answer 18

people prefer to avoid extreme options

-adding a more extreme option to a set of choices can make other options more attractive

Question 19

risk aversion and risk seeking

Answer 19

• people are risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses
• decisions tend to be considered independently thus a combo of multiple seemingly reasonable decisions can lead to an unreasonable result

Question 20

ambiguity aversion

Answer 20

people generally prefer situations where they know the particular probability of winning (risk) to situations wehre they dont know (ambiguity)

Question 21

mental accounting

Answer 21

-when making decisions people dont tend to think about the overall value involved, rather they think about value in separate mental accounts