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APArthr (Massage Therapy) > Chapter 9 Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

*Joint (Articulation or Arthrosis)

A

point of contact

  • between 2 bones
  • between bones and cartilage
  • between bones and teeth
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2
Q

Arthrology

A

study of joints

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3
Q

Kinesiology

A

study of motion of the human body

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4
Q

*How are joints classified?

A

Structural

  • Is there a joint cavity?
  • What type of connective tissue is involved?

Functional
-What degree of movement is produced?

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5
Q

*Types of Structural Classification of Joints

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial joints

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6
Q

*Types of Functional Classification of Joints

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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7
Q

Fibrous joint

A

no synovial cavity
bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
permit little to no movement

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A
  • no synovial cavity
  • bones are held together by cartilage
  • little to no movement (synarthrosis)
  • articulating bones held together by hyaline or fibrous cartilage
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9
Q

Synovial joint

A

bones forming these joints have a synovial cavity
united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments
freely moveable

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10
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immoveable joint

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11
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable joint

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12
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joint
all are synovial joints
variety of shapes which permit several different movements

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13
Q

3 types of Fibrous Joints

A

sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membrane (type of syndesmoses)

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14
Q

Suture (Fibrous Joint)

A

thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue

only between bones of the skull

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15
Q

What are the functions of a suture?

A

interlocking edges add strength
decrease chance of fracturing
immoveable (synarthrosis) or slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
shock absorption of the skull

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16
Q

Synostosis

A

complete fusion of two separate bones into one

immoveable (synarthrosis)

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17
Q

Syndesmosis (syndesmoses) Fibrous Joint

A
  • arranged in a bundle (band or ligament) which permits limited movement
  • greater distance between articulating surfaces
  • more dense irregular connective tissue than suture (interosseous membrane)
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18
Q

Syndesmosis (syndesmoses) examples

A 
tibiofibular ligament 
dentoalveolar joint (gomphosis)
interosseous membrane
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19
Q

Gomphosis (Fibrous Joint) Syndesmosis Type

A

articulation between roots of teeth
type of syndesmosis
cone shaped peg fits into socket

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20
Q

Interosseous Membrane (Fibrous Joint)

A
  • Broad sheet of dense irregular connective tissue
  • binds neighboring long bones
  • important role in defining range of motion between them
  • permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • increased attachment surface for muscles (which produce movement of feet and digits
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21
Q

Interosseous Membrane Examples (syndesmoses)

A

Between radius and ulna

Between Tibia and Fibula

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22
Q

What 2 types of cartilage hold together cartilaginous joints?

A

hyaline or fibrous

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23
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses (epiphyseal cartilage is this type)

symphysis

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24
Q

Synchondrosis (synchondroses) (Cartilaginous)

A
  • connecting material is hyaline

- Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) to immoveable (synarthrosis)

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25
Q

Synchondrosis (synchondroses) example

A

joint between first rib and manubrium

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26
Q

Symphysis (Cartilaginous)

A

ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrouscartilage connects to bones

  • all are midline in the body
  • slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
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27
Q

Symphysis Example

A

pubic symphysis
junction of manubrium and body of sternum
intervertebral discs

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28
Q

Epiphyseal cartilage (Synchondroses)

A 
hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondrial bone formation
*NOT JOINTS ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT
immoveable joint (synarthrosis)
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29
Q

Epiphyseal cartilage Example

A

epiphyseal growth plate

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30
Q

*When bone elongation ceases what happens?

A

bone replaces hyaline cartilage and becomes synostosis (bony joint)

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31
Q

What is synostosis?

A

bony joint

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32
Q

What characteristics distinguish synovial joints from others?

A
  • presence of space (synovial/joint cavity) between articulating bones
  • synovial cavity allows considerate movement
  • all are functionally freely moveable (diarthrosis)
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33
Q

What is the space in a synovial joint called?

A

synovial or joint cavity

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34
Q

What are the bones at a synovial joint covered in?

A

hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

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35
Q

*Articular cartilage

A

cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones

smooth, slippery surface but does not bind bones together

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36
Q

*What does articular cartilage do?

A

reduces friction between bones in joints during movement and helps absorb shock

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37
Q

Articular capsule is also known as

A

joint capsule

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38
Q

*3 Articular capsule functions

A

surrounds a synovial joint
encloses the synovial cavity
unites articulating bones

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39
Q

What is the articular capsule layers composed of?

A

outer fibrous membrane

inner synovial membrane

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40
Q

What is the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (usually collagen fibers)

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41
Q

What is the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule attach to?

A

periosteum of articulating bones

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42
Q

*What is the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule a continuation of?

A

thickened continuation of the periosteum between bones

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43
Q

*What is the functions of the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule?

A

flexibility permits considerable movement at a joint
while its great tensile strength (resistance to stretching) helps prevent the bones from dislocating or displacement of bones from a joint

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44
Q

How are the fibers of some fibrous membranes arranged and what is the purpose?

A

parallel bundles of dense connective irregular connective tissue that are highly adapted to resisting strains

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45
Q

Ligaments

A

fibrous membrane bundles that hold bones close together in a synovial joint

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46
Q

Synovial membrane

A

inner layer of the articular capsule

areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers

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47
Q

At many synovial joints the synovial membrane will include

A

accumulations of adipose tissue

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48
Q

What are the accumulations of adipose tissue of the synovial membrane called?

A

articular fat pads

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49
Q

Articular fat pad Example

A

infrapatellar fat pad of the knee

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50
Q

Double jointed

A

not really extra joints but greater flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments

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51
Q

What can happen with double joints?

A

less structurally stable

more easily dislocated

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52
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid (like egg white)

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53
Q

What is synovial fluid and where is it located?

A

forms a thin layer over surfaces within the articular capsule
synovial cavity

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54
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A

reduce friction by lubricating the joint
absorbs shock
supply oxygen and nutrients, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from chondrocytes within articular cartilage

55
Q

What happens to synovial fluid when a joint is immobile for awhile

A

it becomes viscous or gel like

56
Q

Why is warming up before exercise beneficial in relation to synovial fluid of the joints?

A

movement increases it becomes less viscous

stimulates production and secretion of synovial fluid

57
Q

2 types of Accessory ligaments

A

extracapsular ligaments

intracapsular ligaments

58
Q

Accessory ligaments location

A

synovial joints

59
Q

Extracapsular ligament

A

lie outside the articular capsule

60
Q

extracapsular ligament example

A

fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint

61
Q

Intracapsular ligament

A

lie within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds in the synovial membrane

62
Q

Intracapsular ligament Example

A 
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments 
ACL 
LCL 
PCL
MCL
63
Q

Articular discs are also called

A

menisci

64
Q

Articular discs

A

bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane, usually subdivide the synovial cavity into 2 spaces allowing separate movements to occur in each space

65
Q

*Functions of Articular Discs (Menisci)

A
  • shock absorption
  • better fit between articulating bony surfaces
  • providing adaptable surfaces for combined movements
  • weight distribution over a greater contact surface
  • distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of a joint
66
Q

Labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of a joint socket

67
Q

Where is labrum most prominent?

A

ball and socket joint of the shoulder and hip

68
Q

Nerves that supple a joint are the same as those that supply ___

A

Skeletal muscles that move the joint

69
Q

Nerve endings convey ____ from the joint to the spinal cord and brain for processing

A

pain

70
Q

Other nerve endings respond to the _____ __ _____ and ____ at a joint such as when a physician strikes the tendon below your knee cap to test for reflexes

A

degree of movement

stretch

71
Q

Veins remove ____ and ____ from the joints

A

carbon dioxide

wastes

72
Q

Chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive ____ and ___ from synovial fluid derived from blood while all other joint tissues are supplied directly by _______

A

oxygen
nutrients
capillaries

73
Q

Bursae

A

-saclike structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

74
Q

Bursae Example locations

A

knee and shoulder

75
Q

How are bursae similar to joint capsules?

A
  • walls consist of outer fibrous membrane of dense connective tissue lined by a synovial membrane
  • filled with small amounts of fluid
76
Q

*Where are bursae located and what is their function?

A
  • between skin and bones
  • tendons and bones
  • ligaments and bones
  • cushion the movement of these body parts against each other
77
Q

Bursitis

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the bursae

78
Q

Bursitis causes

A
  • irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint
  • trauma
  • acute or chronic infection
  • RA
79
Q

Bursitis Symptoms

A

Pain
Swelling
tenderness
limited movement

80
Q

Bursitis Treatment

A

anti-inflammatory meds
injections
cortisol-like steroids

81
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

aka synovial sheaths
tube like bursae
wrap around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

82
Q

What are the 2 layers of tendon sheaths?

A

visceral layer

outer layer

83
Q

*Visceral tendon sheath layer attach to

A

the surface of tendons

84
Q

*Outer tendon sheath layer attach to

A

parietal layer attaches to bone

85
Q

What does the tendon sheath protect?

A

all sides of a tendon from friction as it slides back and forth

86
Q

Where are tendon sheaths found?

A

where tendons pass through synovial cavities

87
Q

Tendon sheath location example

A

tendon of bicep brachii muscle at the shoulder joint

88
Q

Where are other locations or tendon sheaths?

A

wrist and ankle (where tendons come together in a confined space

fingers and toes (where there is great deal of movement)

89
Q

Four main categories of synovial movements

A

gliding
angular
rotation
special movements

90
Q

Gliding movements

A

flat bone surfaces glide back and forth and side to side
limited in range
little change in angle between bones

91
Q

Gliding Examples

A

intercarpal and intertarsal joints

92
Q

Angular movements

A

increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones

93
Q

Types of Angular movements

A

flexion
extension
lateral flexion
hyperextension

94
Q

Flexion

A

decrease in the angle of articulating bone (usually along sagittal plane)

95
Q

Extension

A

increase in the angle of articulating bones (usually along sagittal plane)

96
Q

Lateral flexion

A

involves movement of trunk along frontal plane

97
Q

Hyperextension

A

continuation of extension beyond anatomical position

98
Q

Abduction

A

radial deviation

movement of a bone away from the midline

99
Q

Adduction

A

ulnar deviation

movement of a bone toward the midline

100
Q

Circumduction

A

movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle

101
Q

Rotation

A

bone revolves around own longitudinal axis

102
Q

Special movement Types

A 
elevation
depression
protraction
retraction
inversion
eversion
dorsi flexion
plantar flexion
supination
pronation 
opposition
103
Q

Elevation

A

superior movement of body part

104
Q

Depression

A

Inferior movement of body part

105
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane

106
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane

107
Q

Inversion

A

medial movement of sole

108
Q

Eversion

A

lateral movement of sole

109
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface

110
Q

Plantar flexion

A

bending foot in direction of plantar surface

111
Q

Supination

A

movement of forearm turning palm anteriorly

112
Q

Pronation

A

movement of palm turning palm posteriorly

113
Q

Opposition

A

movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand

114
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A 
Plane joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Ball and Socket Joints
115
Q

Plane Joints (Synovial)

A

articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved

116
Q

Plane Joints Functions (Synovial)

A

many biaxial diarthroses (freely moveable)
back and fourth, side to side
Some triaxial diarthroses
back and forth, side to side, rotation

117
Q

Plane Joints Locations (Synovial)

A

intercarpal
intertarsal
sternocostal
vertebrocostal joints

118
Q

Hinge Joints (Synovial)

A

convex surface fits into concave surface

119
Q

Hinge Joints Functions (Synovial)

A

Uniaxial diarthrosis

flexion and extension

120
Q

Hinge Joints Locations (Synovial)

A

Knee
Elbow
Ankle
Interphalangeal joints

121
Q

Pivot Joints (Synovial)

A

rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament

122
Q

Pivot Joints Functions (Synovial)

A

Uniaxial diarthrosis

rotation

123
Q

Pivot Joints Locations (Synovial)

A

Atlanto-axial

Radioulnar joints

124
Q

Condyloid Joints (Synovial)

A

oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression

125
Q

Condyloid Joints Functions (Synovial)

A

Biaxial diarthrosis
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction

126
Q

Condyloid Joints Locations (Synovial)

A

Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints

127
Q

Saddle Joints (Synovial)

A

articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped articular surface of other bone is sits in saddle

128
Q

Saddle Joints Functions (Synovial)

A

Biaxial diarthrosis
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction

129
Q

Saddle Joints Locations (Synovial)

A

carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb

130
Q

Ball & Socket (Synovial)

A

Ball like surface fits into cuplike depression

131
Q

Ball & Socket Functions (Synovial)

A

Triaxial diarthrosis
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
rotation

132
Q

Ball & Socket Locations (Synovial)

A

Shoulder and hip joints

133
Q

Synovial Joint Examples

A

Hip, Knee, Shoulder and Elbow

134
Q

*What are the 6 Factors that affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints?

A 
Structure and shape of articulating bones
strength and tautness of joint ligaments
arrangement and tension of the muscles
contact of soft parts
hormones
disuse

APArthr (Massage Therapy) (1 decks)

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