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Anatomy lecture > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is an articulation and what happens here?

A

where 2 bones meet and body movements occur

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2
Q

what does the structure of a joint determine?

A

direction

distance of movement (range of motion)

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3
Q

what kind of relationship exists between joint mobility and joint stability?

A

inverse relationship (when one goes up the other goes down)

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4
Q

what are functional joint classifications based on and what are the 3 classifications?

A

based on joint range of motion

  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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5
Q

what are synarthroses?

A

immoveable joints

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6
Q

what are amphiarthoses?

A

slightly moveable joints

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7
Q

what are diarthroses?

A

freely moveable joints

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8
Q

what are structural joint classifications based on and what are the 4 classification?

A

based on anatomical organization of the joint

  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. bony
  4. synovial
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9
Q

name the types of fibrous joints

A
  • syndesmosis
  • suture
  • gomphosis
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10
Q

name the type of cartilaginous joints

A
  • synchondrosis

- symphysis

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11
Q

name the types of bony fusion joints

A

synostosis

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12
Q

name the types of synovial joints

A
  • ball-and-socket joint
  • pivot
  • saddle
  • condylar (ellipsoidal)
  • hinge
  • gliding (planar)
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13
Q

name the structurally synarthrotic joints

A
  • suture
  • gomphosis
  • synchondrosis
  • synostosis
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14
Q

name the structurally amphiarthrotic joints

A
  • syndesmosis

- symphysis

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15
Q

what kind of connections may occur in synarthroses?

A

fibrous or cartilaginous

may fuse and become synostosis

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16
Q

what are sutures?

A

short connective tissue fibers that hold the bones together

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17
Q

where are sutures found?

A

between bones of the skull

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18
Q

where are gomphoses found and how do they stay in place?

A
  • between teeth and jaw

- held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament

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19
Q

what are synchondroses formed by?

A

2 bones joined together by hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

where are synchondroses found?

A
  • epiphyseal growth plates of long bones
    - connects diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bones. when growth plate closes, hyaline cartilage is replaced with bone and synchondrosis becomes synostosis
  • between costal cartilage of first rib and manubrium
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21
Q

how are synostosis created?

A
  • 2 bones, once separated, fuse and boundary between them disappears
  • where synchondroses joints that fused
  • ossification occurs with age
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22
Q

where are synostoses found?

A
  • left and right mandible
  • left and right frontal bones
  • epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones
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23
Q

what kind of structural connections may occur at amphiarthroses?

A

fibrous or cartilaginous (tend to be fibrous)

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24
Q

what is found in syndesmotic joints?

A

bones connected by ligaments, cords, or a band of fibrous sheets (interosseous membrane)

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25
Q

where are syndesmoses found?

A
  • distal tibia-fibula
  • interosseous membrane between
    - radius and ulna
    - tibia and fibula
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26
Q

what is found in symphyses?

A
  • end of articulating bones covered by hyaline cartilage
  • bones joined by fibrocartilage
  • can act as shock absorber or loosen during birth
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27
Q

where are symphyses found?

A
  • public symphysis

- intervertebral joints

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28
Q

6 features of synovial joints

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • reinforcing ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels
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29
Q

describe articular cartilage and their purpose

A
  • (aka hyaline cartilage) covers articulating surfaces of synovial joints
  • prevents bones from touching
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30
Q

describe joint cavity

A

joint space that contains synovial fluid

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31
Q

describe articular capsule and its purpose

A
  • 2 layers:
    - outer fibrous capsule (dense irregular CT)
    - inner synovial membrane
  • continuous with periosteum
  • strengthens the joint so the bones arent pulled apart
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32
Q

what makes up the inner layer of the articular capsule?

A

synovial membrane

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33
Q

are epithelium present in the synovial membrane?

A

no

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34
Q

what does the synovial membrane consist of?

A
  • connective tissue (areolar connective tissue & adipose tissue)
  • discontinuous layer of cells called synoviocytes (cells of synovial membrane)
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35
Q

what are the 2 types of synovial cells and what does each do?

A
  • macrophage-like synovial cells (type A cells)
    - remove wear-and-tear debris from synovial fluid
  • fibroblastic synovial cells (type B cells)
    - produce hyaluronan which acts as a lubricant
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36
Q

what does synovial fluid consist of?

A
  • interstitial fluid: filtered from blood plasma diffused from capillaries in synovial membrane
  • hyaluronan: released by fibroblastic synovial cells (type B cells)
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37
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • lubricates joints to reduce friction
  • provides nutrients and waste disposal
  • provides shock absorption
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38
Q

what are reinforcing ligaments?

A

ligaments that reinforce and strengthen the joint

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39
Q

what are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

A
  • cartilage
  • fat pads
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • bursae
  • synovial tendon sheath
  • labrum
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40
Q

what does the cartilage of synovial joints consist of and what purpose do they serve?

A
  • fibrocartilage pads
  • separate articulating surfaces
  • helps cushion certain joint
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41
Q

what are fat pads composed of, where are they in the joint, and what purpose do they serve?

A
  • masses of adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
  • superficial to joint capsule
  • protect articular cartilages
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42
Q

what is the purpose of ligaments?

A

support and strengthen joints

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43
Q

what happens when a ligament is sprained?

A

they have torn collagen fibers

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44
Q

are tendons part of synovial joints?

A

no

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45
Q

where are tendons found and what is their purpose?

A
  • pass across or around a joint
  • may limit joint ROM
  • provide mechanical support for joint
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46
Q

what are bursa(e)? where are they generally found? what is their function?

A
  • small fluid-filled (synovial fluid) sac
  • surrounds tendons or sits between tendon and bone
  • reduce friction between tissues and cushion movement of tissues against each other
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47
Q

what does a bursa sac consist of?

A
  • outer layer: dense connective tissue

- inner layer: synovial membrane

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48
Q

where are bursa(e) located between?

A
  • skin and bones
  • tendons and bones
  • muscles and bones
  • ligaments and bones
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49
Q

what is a synovial tendon sheath and where is it found?

A
  • tube-like bursa

- wraps around a tendon where it crosses bone surface

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50
Q

what is the function of synovial tendon sheath?

A

protects all sides of a tendon from friction as the tendon slides back and forth

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51
Q

what is the labrum? where is it located? what is its purpose?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous structure
  • attaches to rim of acetabulum and glenoid cavity
  • helps to deepen joint socket
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52
Q

Gliding (planar) joint- appearance, movement ability, and examples

A
  • flattened or slightly curved surface
  • mainly monaxial - limited motion
  • surfaces slide across each other
  • examples
    - intercarpal joints
    - intertarsal joints
    - acromioclavicular joint
    - claviculosternal joints
    - vertebrocostal joints
    - sacroiliac joint
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53
Q

Hinge (ginglymus) joint- appearance, movement ability, and examples

A
  • convex surface on one bone fits into concave surface of another bone
  • monaxial - angular motion in 1 plane (flexion/extension)
  • examples
    - elbow
    - knee (modified hinge)
    - ankle
    - interphalangeal
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54
Q

condyloid (ellipsoid) joint- appearance, movement ability, and examples

A
  • oval surface of one bone fits into oval-shapes depression of another
  • biaxial - motion in 2 planes
    - flexion/extension
    - abduction/adduction
    - circumduction
  • examples
    - radiocarpal joint
    - midcarpal joint (doesnt circumduct)
    - metacarpophalangeal joints (2-5)
    - metatarsophalangeal
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55
Q

saddle joint- appearance, movement ability, and examples

A
  • saddle-shaped surface of one bone articulates with articular surface of the other
  • biaxial
    - flexion/extension
    - abduction/adduction
    - circumduction
  • example
    - carpometacarpal joint of thumb (trapezium and 1st metacarpal)
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56
Q

pivot joint- appearance, movement ability, and examples

A
  • rounded surface of one bone articulates with ring formed party by another bone and party by ligament
  • monaxial - rotation
  • examples
    - atlanto-axial joint
    - radio-ulnar joint
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57
Q

ball-and-socket joint- appearance, movement ability, and examples

A
  • ball-like surface of one bone rests w/in a cup-like depression of other bone
  • triaxial
    - flexion/extension/hyperextension
    - abduction/adduction
    - internal/external rotation
    - circumduction
  • examples
    - shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
    - hip joint
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58
Q

Name of joint at maxilla/teeth and mandible, type of joint, movement

A
  • alveolar
  • synarthrosis (gomphosis)
  • no movement
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59
Q

Name of joint at temporal bone/mandible, type of joint, movement

A
  • temporalmandibular
  • combined gliding joint and hinge diarthrosis
  • elevation, depression, and lateral gliding
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60
Q

Name of joint at occipital bone/atlas, type of joint, movement

A
  • atlantooccipital
  • condylar diarthrosis
  • flextion/extension
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61
Q

Name of joint between vertebral bodies (C2-L5), type of joint, movement

A
  • intervertebral- separated by intervertebral discs
  • amphiarthrosis (symphysis)
  • slight movement
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62
Q

Name of joint between articular processes in vertebrae, type of joint, movement

A
  • intervertebral
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight flexion/extension
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63
Q

Name of joint between L5 body and sacral body, type of joint, movement

A
  • lumbosacral
  • amphiarthrosis (symphysis)
  • slight movement
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64
Q

Name of joint between inferior articular facets of L5 and superior articular facets of sacrum, type of joint, movement

A
  • lumbosacral
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight flexion/extension
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65
Q

Name of joint at sacrum/hip bone, type of joint, movement

A
  • sacroiliac
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
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66
Q

Name of joint at sacrum/coccyx, type of joint, movement

A
  • sacrococcygeal
  • gliding diarthrosis (may fuse)
  • slight movement
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67
Q

Name of joint at coccygeal bones, type of joint, movement

A
  • synarthrosis (synostosis)

- no movement

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68
Q

Name of joint at bodies of T1-T12 and head of ribs, type of joint, movement

A
  • costovertebral
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
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69
Q

Name of joint at transverse processes of T1-T10, type of joint, movement

A
  • costovertebral
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
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70
Q

Name of joint at ribs and costal cartilage, type of joint, movement

A
  • synarthrosis (synchondrosis)

- no movement

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71
Q

Name of joint at sternum and 1st costal cartilage, type of joint, movement

A
  • sternocostal (1st)
  • synarthrosis (synchrondrosis)
  • no movement
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72
Q

Name of joint at sternum and costal cartilages 2-7, type of joint, movement

A
  • sternocostal (2-7)
  • gliding diarthrosis (may convert to synchrondrosis in elderly individuals)
  • slight movement
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73
Q

Name of joint at sternum/clavicle, type of joint, movement

A
  • sternoclavicular
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, slight rotation
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74
Q

Name of joint at scapula/clavicle, type of joint, movement

A
  • acromioclavicular
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
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75
Q

Name of joint at scapula/humerus, type of joint, movement

A
  • glenohumeral
  • ball and socket diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotaion
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76
Q

Name of joint at humerus/ulna and humerus/radius, type of joint, movement

A
  • humeroulnar and humeroradial
  • hinge diarthrosis
  • 1 degree of freedom: flextion/extension
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77
Q

Name of joint at ulna/radius, type of joint, movement

A
  • proximal radioulnar
    • pivot diarthrosis
    • 1 degree of freedom- rotaion
  • distal radioulnar
    • pivot diarthrosis
  • pronation/supination
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78
Q

Name of joint at radius/carpal bones, type of joint, movement

A
  • radiocarpal
  • condylar diarthrosis
  • 2 degrees of freedom: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction (radial/ulnar deviation), circumduction
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79
Q

Name of joint at carpal bone to carpal bone, type of joint, movement

A
  • intercarpal
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
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80
Q

Name of joint at carpal bone to metacarpal bone 1, type of joint, movement

A
  • carpometacarpal of thumb
  • saddle diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, opposition
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81
Q

Name of joint at carpal bone to metacarpal bone 2-5, type of joint, movement

A
  • carpometacarpal
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction
82
Q

Name of joint at metacarpal bone to phalanx, type of joint, movement

A
  • metacarpophalangeal
  • condylar diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction
83
Q

Name of joint at phalanx/phalanx, type of joint, movement

A

-interphalangeal
-hinge diarthrosis
flexion/extension

84
Q

Name of joint at sacrum/ilium of hip bone, type of joint, movement

A
  • sacroiliac
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
85
Q

Name of joint at hip bone/hip bone, type of joint, movement

A
  • public symphysis
  • amphiarthrosis
  • no movement
86
Q

Name of joint at hip bone/femur, type of joint, movement

A
  • hip
  • ball and socket diarthrosis
  • 3 degrees of freedom
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation, horizontal flexion/horizontal extension
87
Q

Name of joint at femur/tibia, type of joint, movement

A
  • knee
  • complex, functions as hinge
  • flexion/extension, limited rotation
88
Q

Name of joint at tibia/fibula, type of joint, movement

A
  • tibiofibular (proximal)
    • gliding diarthrosis
    • slight movement
  • tibiofibular (distal)
    • gliding diarthrosis and amphiarthrtic syndesmosis
    • slight movement
89
Q

Name of joint at tibia/fibula with talus, type of joint, movement

A
  • talocruralor ankle
  • hinge diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension (dorsiflexion/plantar flexion)
90
Q

Name of joint at tarsal bone to tarsal bone, type of joint, movement

A
  • intertarsal
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
91
Q

Name of joint at tarsal bone to metatarsal bone, type of joint, movement

A
  • tarsometatarsal
  • gliding diarthrosis
  • slight movement
92
Q

Name of joint at metatarsal bone to phalanx, type of joint, movement

A
  • metatarsophalangeal
  • condylar diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
93
Q

Name of joint at phalynx/phalynx, type of joint, movement

A
  • interophalangeal
  • hinge diarthrosis
  • flexion/extension
94
Q

Name of joint at odontoid process (dens) of C2 and posterior aspect of anterior arch of C1, type of joint, how its held in place

A

-atlanto-axial
-diarthodial (pivot)
held in place by tansverse ligaments

95
Q

Name of joint at superior articular facets of C2 and inferior articular facets of C1, type of joint

A
  • atlanto-axial

- diarthrodial (gliding)

96
Q

Where are intervertebral discs found and what do they consist of/

A
  • aka fibrocartilage discs
  • found between vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae fro C2 to sacrum
  • consist of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
97
Q

describe location and structure of annulus fibrosis and where it’s found

A
  • outer layer of fibrocartilage (intervertebral) discs

- consists of thin external layer of collagen fibers covering overlapping laminae of fibrocartilage

98
Q

describe layout of collagen fibers w/in annulus fibrosis and their function

A
  • w/in each laminae they lie parallel and run in oblique direction
  • orthogonally arranged in adjacent layers
  • strengthens and resists force from different directions
99
Q

describe location and structure of nucleus pulposus

A
  • inner layer of fibrocartilage (intervertebral) discs
  • located in center of annulus fibrosis
  • consists of gel-like material
100
Q

what happens to nucleus pulposus with age?

A

becomes smaller and is partially replaced by fibrocartilage

101
Q

degrees of freedom and actions of vertebral column

A
  • 3 degrees of freedom
  • flexion/extension/hyperextension
  • lateral flexion
  • rotation
102
Q

what happens in a herniated intervertebral disc?

A

the nucleus pulposus bulges out through the anulus fibrosus

103
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament: location, beginning, and ending

A
  • an intervertebral ligament
  • extends between C1 and sacrum
  • arises from anterior tubercle of C1
  • attaches to anterior aspect of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
  • attaches to sacral base
  • some fibers continue superiorly from anterior tubercle of C1 to basilar part of occipital bone
104
Q

anterior atlantoccipital membrane: location, beginning, ending, reinforced by

A
  • intervertebral ligament
  • between anterior margin of foramen magnum and upper border of anterior arch of C1
  • reinforced in midline by upward continuation of some fibers from anterior longitudinal ligament
105
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament: location, beginning, and ending

A
  • intervertebral ligament
  • inside vertebral canal
  • arises from posterior surface of vertebral body of C2
  • attaches loosely to posterior aspect of vertebral body and firmly to intervertebral discs
  • decends into lumbar spine, narrows, and attaches to posterior aspect of sacrum
106
Q

tectorial membrane: location, what it connects

A
  • intervertebral ligament
  • upward continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament
  • connects posterior aspect of odontoid process to anterior surface of foramen magnum
107
Q

ligamenta flava location, beginning, and ending

A

-intervertebral ligament
-connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
extends from C2 to 1st sacral segement
-extends between C2 lamina and posterior arch of C1
-continues superiorly as posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
-contains lots of elastic fibers

108
Q

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: location, beginning, and ending

A
  • intervertebral ligament

- connects superior aspect of posterior arch of C1 to posterior margin of foramen magnum

109
Q

ligamentum nuchae: location, beginning, and ending

A
  • intervertebral ligament
  • midline ligament that entends from EOP and external occipital crest to spinous process of C7
    • attaches to posterior tubercle of C1 and spinous processes of C2-C7
  • inferior to C7- continuous with supraspinous ligament
  • contains lots of elastic fibers
110
Q

supraspinous ligament: location, beginning, and ending

A
  • intervertebral ligament
  • connects tips of spinous proesses of adjacent vertebrae from C7 to sacrum
  • superior to C7- continuous with nuchal ligament
111
Q

interspinous ligament: location, beginning, and ending

A
  • intervertebral ligament
  • connects spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
    • from C2 spinous process to 1st sacral segment
  • blends w/ ligamenta flava anteriorly and supraspinous ligament posteriorly
112
Q

4 structures of the shoulder complex

A
  • sternum (manubrium)
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
113
Q

2 structures of the shoulder girdle

A
  • clavicle

- scapula

114
Q

4 articulations of shoulder complex

A
  • glenohumeral joint
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • scapulotheoracic “joint”
115
Q

restriction at any joint of the shoulder complex will affect what?

A

movement of upper extremity

116
Q

which is the most freely movable joint in the body and how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A
  • glenohumeral

- 3 degrees of freedom

117
Q

how deep is the glenoid cavity and what helps to increase this?

A
  • less than 1/2 that of the humeral head

- increased by glenoid labrum (fibrocartilage)

118
Q

structure of the glenoid labrum?

A

fibrous cartilage attached to rim of glenoid cavity

119
Q

functions of glenoid labrum

A
  • deepen shoulder socket for increased stability of shoulder joint
  • attachment site for structures around joint
    • ligaments: attach at key locations and help hold joint together
    • tendon of long head of biceps brachii: attaches at superior aspect and to supragenoid tubercle
120
Q

what could happen if a shoulder injury tears ligaments or biceps tendon

A

glenoid labrum may be pulled of rim of glenoid cavity

121
Q

where does the articular capsule of the shoulder attach?

A

to circumference of glenoid cavity just superficial to glenoid labrum and partially to labrum

122
Q

synovial membrane of glenohumeral joint: attachment, insertion, and where it extends from

A
  • attaches to inner surface of capsule
  • inserts on anatomical neck of humerus
  • extends from margin of glenoid cavity
123
Q

what supports the glenohumeral joint?

A

rotator cuff musculature

124
Q

which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

SItS muscles

  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
125
Q

function of the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • encircle joint

- stabilize joint- hold humeral head in glenoid cavity

126
Q

4 bursae of the shoulder

A
  • subacromial bursa
  • subdeltoid bursa
  • subcoracoid bursa
  • subscapular bursa
127
Q

where does the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii travel?

A

passes through intertubercular (bicipital) groove as it travels proximally to attach to supraglenoid tubercle

128
Q

3 bones of the elbow complex

A
  • humerus
  • ulna
  • radius
129
Q

articulations of the elbow complex

A
  • humeroulnar joint
  • humeroradial joint
  • proximal radioulnar joint (may not be considered part of elbow joint b/c articulation is btwn proximal radius and ulna, not w/ humerus)
130
Q

where does most of the contact at the elbow joint occur?

A

btwn humerus and ulna

131
Q

how many joint capsules enclose the 3 joints of the elbow complex?

A

1 joint capsule

132
Q

what does the humeroulnar joint consist of?

A

articulation btwn trochlea of distal humerus and trochlear notch of the proximal ulna

133
Q

what does the humeroradial joint consist of?

A

articulartion between proximal surface of radius and capitulum of the distal humerus

134
Q

in the proximal radioulnar joint which bone moves during supination/pronation? what are the position of the bones during these movements?

A
  • radius pivots around fixed ulna
  • supination: radius and ulna are parallel
  • pronation: radius crosses over ulna
135
Q

which ligament binds the radius and ulna together and allows for rotation?

A

annular ligament

136
Q

what connects the shafts of the radius and ulna

A

interosseous membrane

137
Q

2 articulations of the wrist

A
  • radiocarpal joint

- midcarpal joint

138
Q

what forms the radiocarpal joint?

A
  • distal concave surface of radius
  • radioulnar disc (articular disc of radiocarpal joint)
  • scaphoid
  • lunate
  • triquetrum (at full ulnar deviation, its medial surface contacts articular disc)
139
Q

what separates the ulna from the carpal bones?

A

radioulnar disc

140
Q

what is the radioulnar disc and what does it attach to?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous disc

- attaches to ulnar notch of radius

141
Q

what is are the functions of the radioulnar disc?

A
  • separates distal surface of ulna from triquetrum and lunate
  • absorbs shock
142
Q

what forms the midcarpal joint?

A
  • proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
  • scaphoid w/ trapezium, trapezoid, capitate
  • lunate w/ capitate and hamate
  • triquetrum w/ hamate
143
Q

what may be considered synonymous with the transverse carpal ligament?

A

flexor retinaculum

144
Q

3 segments of flexor retinaculum

A
  • proximal: fascia (palmar carpal ligament)
  • central: middle (transverse carpal ligament)
  • distal: aponeurosis (palmar aponeurosis)
145
Q

palmar carpal ligament: formed by, blends with, crosses over

A
  • aka volar carpal ligament
  • formed by thickening of the antebrachial fascia of forearm
  • distal fibers blend w/ transverse carpal ligament
  • crosses over flexor muscles
146
Q

what is the structure of the transverse carpal ligament?

A

strong fibrous band of fibrous connective tissue

147
Q

what does the palmar carpal ligament attach to?

A
  • radial styloid process

- ulnar styloid process

148
Q

what does the transverse carpal ligament attach to?

A
  • proximally: palmar carpal ligament
  • medially: pisiform, hook of the hamate
  • laterally: scaphoid, trapezium
149
Q

what does the transverse carpal ligament form over the bones of the wrist

A

arches over carpal bones forming carpal tunnel

150
Q

what arches to form the carpal tunnel

A

transverse carpal ligament

151
Q

what is the carpal tunnel and what does it connect?

A
  • fibro-osseous pathway on palmar aspect of wrist

- connects anterior compartment of distal forearm w/ mid-palmar space of hand

152
Q

what passed through the carpal tunnel?

A
  • median nerve
  • tendons
    • flexor digitorum superficialis
    • flexor digitorum profundus
    • flexor pollicis longus
153
Q

what is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

thick broad flat tendon overlying central compartment of palm

154
Q

attachments of palmar aponeurosis

A
  • proximally: transverse carpal ligament then to palmaris longus
  • anteriorly: overlying skin at the skin creases of the palm and bases of the digits
  • posteriorly: invests into underlying muscle of the hand
155
Q

what does the palmar aponeurosis overlie distally/

A

continues as 4 slips overlying flexor tendons of digits 2-5

156
Q

function of palmar aponeurosis

A

stabilizes the skin of the palm

157
Q

what articulates at hip joint?

A

acetabulum of innominate bone and head of femur?

158
Q

what is the carpal tunnel and what does it connect?

A
  • fibro-osseous pathway on palmar aspect of wrist

- connects anterior compartment of distal forearm w/ mid-palmar space of hand

159
Q

what passed through the carpal tunnel?

A
  • median nerve
  • tendons
    • flexor digitorum superficialis
    • flexor digitorum profundus
    • flexor pollicis longus
160
Q

what is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

thick broad flat tendon overlying central compartment of palm

161
Q

attachments of palmar aponeurosis

A
  • proximally: transverse carpal ligament then to palmaris longus
  • anteriorly: overlying skin at the skin creases of the palm and bases of the digits
  • posteriorly: invests into underlying muscle of the hand
162
Q

what does the palmar aponeurosis overlie distally/

A

continues as 4 slips overlying flexor tendons of digits 2-5

163
Q

function of palmar aponeurosis

A

stabilizes the skin of the palm

164
Q

what articulates at hip joint?

A

acetabulum of innominate bone and head of femur?

165
Q

what deepens the hip socket?

A

acetabular labrum

166
Q

what is the lunate surface?

A
  • smooth crescent-shaped articular surface of acetabulum
  • surrounds acetabular fossa
  • not present inferiorly at acetabular notch
  • covered by hyaline cartilage
167
Q

what is the acetabular fossa?

A
  • deep non-articular circular depression of acetabulum
  • not part of articulation
  • occupied by fat pad at ligamentum teres
168
Q

what is the acetabular labrum?

A

fibrocartilage attached to rim of acetabulum expect at acetabular notch

169
Q

what is the acetabular notch?

A
  • notch in inferior margin of acetabulum

- continuous with acetabular fossa

170
Q

what is the transverse acetabular ligament?

A
  • binds to ends of acetabular labrum at acetabular notch

- crosses acetabular notch to form a foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass

171
Q

what is the round ligament also known as?

A
  • ligamentum capitis femoris

- ligamentum teres

172
Q

where does the round ligament originate and attach?

A
  • originates along the transverse acetabular ligament

- attaches to fovea capitis

173
Q

what does the artery of the round ligament do?

A

passes through round ligament to supply blood to the head of the femur

174
Q

bones of the knee joint

A
  • distal femur
  • proximal tibia
  • patella
175
Q

articulations of the knee joint

A
  • tibiofemoral joint

- patellofemoral joint

176
Q

how many degrees of freedom are in the tibiofemoral joint?

A

-2 degrees of freedom
-modified hinge
-flexion/extension
internal/external rotation

177
Q

what are menisci and where are they located?

A
  • 2 cresent-shaped fibrocartilaginous discs between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), w/in capsule of the knee joint
  • provides sock absorption
178
Q

what kind of joint is the patellofemoral joint and what movements does it allow?

A
  • gliding joint
  • distally glides with knee flexion
  • proximally glides with knee extension
179
Q

what does the patella do for the quadriceps muscle?

A

increases the moment arm

180
Q

what are the 2 classifications of ligaments at the knee joint?

A
  • extracapsular ligaments

- intracapsular ligaments

181
Q

what are the extracapsular ligaments and what is their purpose?

A
  • medial/lateral collateral ligaments

- provide stability in coronal plane

182
Q

what are the intracapsular ligaments and what is their purpose?

A
  • anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments

- provide stability in the sagittal plane (limit anterior and posterior gliding movements

183
Q

describe the proximal attachment of the ACL

A
  • posteromedial aspect of lateral femoral condyle in the intercondylar fossa
  • runs distally, medially, and anteriorly
184
Q

describe the distal attachment of the ACL

A

anterior aspect of intercondylar eminence of tibia

185
Q

how do the ACL and PCL interact

A

ACL passes lateral to PCL and curves around it

186
Q

describe the proximal attachment of the PCL

A
  • anterolateral aspect of medial femoral condyle in intercondylar fossa
  • runs distally, laterally, posteriorly
187
Q

describe the distal attachment of the PCL

A

posterior aspect of intercondylar eminence of tibia

188
Q

describe appearance of medial collateral ligament

A

-broad, flat band that widens by the distal attachment into anterior and posterior bands

189
Q

describe the proximal attachment of medial collateral ligament

A

posterior aspect of medial femoral epicondyle

190
Q

describe distal attachment of medial collateral ligament

A
  • anterior band: proximal medial aspect of tibia

- posterior band: blends into the capsule of the knee joint and fusing to the medial edge of the medial meniscus

191
Q

describe the proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament

A

lateral femoral epicondyle

192
Q

describe the distal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament

A

head of the fibula

193
Q

describe the appearance of the wedge shape of the menisci and the purpose it serves

A
  • peripheral margins are wider than inner margins
  • superior surface is concave and articulates w/ femoral condyles
  • wedge shape serves to deepen the articular surface of tibia
194
Q

describe shape of the medial and lateral menisci

A
  • medial is semicircular shape

- lateral is nearly circular (covers more of the tibial articular surface than medial)

195
Q

where does the anterior horn of the medial meniscus attach?

A

to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

196
Q

where does the posterior horn of the medial meniscus attach?

A

to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia

197
Q

where does the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus attach?

A

to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

198
Q

where does the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus attach?

A

to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia

199
Q

what does the ACL prevent during knee movement?

A

anterior sliding of tibia

200
Q

what does the PCL prevent during knee movement?

A

posterior sliding of tibia

Anatomy lecture (1 decks)

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