Chapter 9 joints Flashcards
where 2 bones meet
articulation
study of joints
arthrology
study of musculoskeletal movement
kinesiology
no movement (immovable)
synarthrosis
slight movement
amphiarthrosis
freely moveable
diarthrosis
Not really a joint (but used to be), results from joint ossification, no movement.
Bony joint (synostosis)
adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross space between them, and penetrate into the other.
fibrous joints
fibrous joint between cranial bones, no movement (synarthrosis)
suture
wavy lines interlock bones. coronal, sagittal, lambdoid sutures
serrate suture
bones overlap with beveled edge. Squamous suture
lap (squamous suture)
straight bones meet, no overlap. intermaxillary suture
plane (butt) suture
connects tooth, to alveolus of jaw, held by fibrous periodontal ligament. Little to no movement (synarthrosis)
gomphosis
longer collagenous fibers between adjacent bones, interosseous membrane. Limited movement.
syndesmosis
two bones linked by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
hyaline cartilage between bones. epiphyseal plate, R1 to sternum. Immovable.
synchondrosis
fibrocartilage. interpubic discs, intervertebral discs. shock absorbing fibrocartilage disc between vertebrae. Slightly movement.
symphysis
freely movable, structurally complex joints. Enclosed by joint capsule.
synovial joints
connective tissue that encloses the joint (articular) cavity
joint (articular) capsule
joint cavity is filled with
synovial fluid
pad crosses entire joint
articular disc
pad doesn’t cross entire joint
meniscus
tough connective tissue, joins bone to bone
ligament
sheet or strip of tough connective tissue, attaches muscle to bone
tendon
fibrous sacs of synovial fluid. Between muscles, tendon and bone, skin and bone
bursa
bursa wrapped around tendon
tendon sheath
stabilizes joints, stronger bones (wolf’s law), stronger muscles
weight bearing exercises
increases the flow of synovial fluid in cartilage
exercise
fluid exits cartilage and removes waste
compression
fluid enters cartilage, taking in nutrients
decompression
warming up before exercise
warms, thins synovial fluid so it is better absorbed by cartilage, swollen cartilage is better cushion against compression
too littler exercise
cartilages break down
excessive exercise
osteoarthritis (joint wear and tear)
broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint
arthritis
physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders
rheumatologist
most common form of arthritis, wear and tear.
osteoarthritis
autoimmune attack against the joint tissue, attacks synovial membrane
rheumatoid arthritis
abnormal, solidly fused, immobilized joint (synostosis)
ankylosis
replacement of diseases joint with artificial device called prosthesis
arthroplasty
inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
form of bursitis in which tendon sheath is inflamed
tendinitis
hereditary disease where uric acid crystals accumulate in joints
gout
long, rigid object, rotates around fixed fulcrum.
lever
occurs when effort overcomes resistance
rotation
distance from fulcrum to effort
effort arm
distance from fulcrum to resistance
resistance arm
in the human body the fulcrum is a?
joint
in the body effort is?
muscle
in the body the resistance is?
weight (of limb) or opposing muscle
-seesaw
-resistance= weight of head (tendency to drop chin)
-fulcrum= occipital condyle
-effort= muscles pulling occipital
fulcrum in middle (RFE)
-wheelbarrow
-fulcrum= hip joint
-resistance- weight of the thigh itself
- effort= elevation of tibia
resistance in the middle (FRE)
- paddle
-resistance= weight in hand or weight of forearm
-effort- bicep muscles attachment at radius
fulcrum= elbow joint
effort in the middle (REF)
rounded “ball”; multiaxial
(hip and shoulder joints)
ball-and-socket
oval ball; biaxial
(metacarpophalageal joint)
condylar (ellipsoid)
both surfaces saddle-shaped, biaxial
(base of thumb: carpometacarpal joint)
saddle
flat surfaces; usually biaxial(may be monoaxial)
(intertarsals, intercarpals)
plane (gliding)
monoaxial
(elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints)
hinge
one bone spins on axis of other bone; monoaxial
(atlantoaxial joint; radioulnar joint)
pivot
movement that decreases joint angle; usually in sagittal plane (common in hinge joints)
flexion
movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position; usually in sagittal plane
extension
further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
hyperextension
away from the midline
abduction
back towards the midline
adduction
raises and lowers a body part
elevation and depression
anterior movement in the transverse plane
protraction
posterior movement in the transverse plane
retraction
articulation of the mandibular condyle with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)
crosses the entire jaw joint and divides the joint cavity into 2 departments
articular disc
prevents posterior displacement of the mandible
lateral ligament
ligament on the medial side of the jaw
sphenomandibular ligament
-radiating pain: jaw, face, neck, shoulders, back
- clicking sounds in jaw
-limitation of jaw movement
- severe headaches, vertigo, tinnitus
symptoms of TMJ disfunction
- trauma to the jaw, psychological tension, misaligned teeth
-may involve displacement of articular disc, arthritis, muscle disorders
causes of TMJ disfunction
- stress management and physical therapy
- analgesics, anti-inflammatories
-corrective dentistry to align teeth
treatment of TMJ disfunction
-head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
-cavity is very shallow
-glenoid labrum
-freely moveable joint
glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint
(shoulder joint)
ring of fibrocartilage that deepens glenoid cavity a little
glenoid labrum
