Chapter 9: Joints

Question 1

Supination

Answer 1

• movement of the forarm so that the palm is turned facing forward

opposing movement of pronation
Like when you gonna smack an ass

Question 2

Pronation

Answer 2

• palm is facing backwards

opposing movement of supination

Question 3

Condyloid Joint

Answer 3

• the convex of one bone fits into an oval shaped depression of another bone. Permit flexion-extension and abduction-adduction

Ex: wrist ( radiocarpal joint )

Question 4

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 4

• ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
• Ex: shoulder and hip joints ( where your leg connects to)

Question 5

Pivot Joint

Answer 5

• surface of one bone artiulates with a bone formed by another bone
• pivot joint exhibits rotation
• ex: atlanto-axial (allows head rotaion)

Question 6

Synovial Joints: The Knee

Answer 6

• knee requires accessory ligaments and articular disks because it is a weight bearing and movable joint
• collatoral ligaments of the knee joint are typical ligaments that support synovial joints
• ant. and post. cruciate ligament of the knee joint are specific to knee and provide support for weight bearing
• menisci- disc pads of fibrocartilage that lie between articular surfaces of bones
• a meniscus provides a durable cushion

Question 7

Synovial Joint: Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

Answer 7

• Bursae-sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid
• located between ligaments,tendons,bones @ pressure points
• cushion the movement of these body parts
• Tendon sheaths- wrap around tendons
• reduce friction at joints
• inf. of tendon sheets at finger-flexing muscle is a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 8

Synovial joints

Answer 8

• synovial cavity allows joints to be freely movable
• ligaments hold bones together at synovial joints
• articular capsule- a sleeve like capsule encloses synovial cavity it has two layers
  1. outer fibrous capsule
  2. inner synovial memrane (which releases synovial fluid
• Synovial fuid- helps reduce friction ar joints, absorbs shocks, supply oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from cartilage

Question 9

Elevation

Answer 9

• upward movment of a part of the body
• Ex: closing mouth or shrugging shoulder
• its opposing movement is depression

Question 10

Depression

Answer 10

• downward movement of a body part
• ex: opening the mouth
• opposite of elevation

Question 11

Rectraction

Answer 11

Movement of a protracted part of the body back to its original position

Question 12

Protraction

Answer 12

• moving of a body part anteriorly
• ex: thrusting the mandible outward
• opposing movement is retraction

Question 13

Dorsiflexion

Answer 13

• bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction
• opposing movement is plantar flexion

Question 14

Plantar flexion

Answer 14

• bending of the foot of the ankle in a downward direction
• opposite of dorsiflexion

Question 15

Saddle Joint

Answer 15

• articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone “fits” into the saddle
• permits flexion-extension, abduction-adduction
• Only pure example is the carpometacarpal of the thumb

Question 16

Hinge Joint

Answer 16

• produce an opening and closing motion like that of a hinged door
• permit only flexion and extension
• ex: knee and elbow

Question 17

Planar Joints

Answer 17

• primarily back and forth side to side (gliding movment)
• ex: intertarsal joints. foot bones

Question 18

Inversion

Answer 18

• movment of the feet medially
• your thumb toe faces your ankle
• its opposing movement is eversion

Question 19

Eversion

Answer 19

• movment of foot laterally
• foot pinky comes off flooe and thumb stays
• opposite of inversion

Question 20

Structional and Functional Classification of Joints

Answer 20

structural classification
1. Fibrous joints-bones held together by collagenous fibers
2. Cartilaginous Joints-bones held together by cartilage
3. Synovial Joints- bones held together by ligaments; include a joint cavity
Functional classification
1. synarthrosis-immovable joint
2. Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable joint
3. Diarthrosis (synovial) - freely movable joint

Question 21

Fibrous Joints

Answer 21

• lack synovial cavity
• the articulating bones are held very close together by dense irregular connective tissue
• Fibrous joints permit little to no movement
  3 types of fibrous joints
  1. Sutures- immovable; occur only in bones of skull
  2. Syndesmoses- permit slight movement
  Ex: interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
  3. Gomphoses-immovable joint; joint in which cone-shaped peg fits into a socket
  ex: teeth with the sockets of maxilla and mandible

Question 22

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 22

• lack synovial cavity
• joint is tightly connected by cartilage
  2 types of Cartilaginous joints
  1. Synchondroses- connecting tissue in hyaline joints
  2. Symphesis- slightly movable joint
  ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disk of fibrocartilage connects the bones

Question 23

Aging and Joints

Answer 23

• may result in decreased production of synovial fluid
• the articular cartilage becomes thinner
• ligaments shorten and losen their flexibility
• osthearitis is partially age related
• stretching and aerobic exercises are helpful in minimizing the effects of aging
• these exercises help to maintain the effective functioning of ligaments, tendons, muscles, synovial fluid and articular cartilage