Chapter 9: Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions

Question 1

solution

Answer 1

A homogeneous mixture of two substances such as salt and water.

Question 2

solvent

Answer 2

The major component of the mixture.

Question 3

solute

Answer 3

The minor component of the mixture.

Question 4

aqueous solution

Answer 4

One in which water acts as the solvent.

Question 5

dilute solution

Answer 5

One that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent.

Question 6

concentrated solution

Answer 6

One that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent.

Question 7

molarity

Answer 7

The amount of solute (in moles) divided by the volume of solution (in liters). A common way to express solution concentration.

M = mol/L

Question 8

stock solution

Answer 8

Solutions in concentrated forms.

Question 9

Solution Dilution

Answer 9

M₁V₁= M₂V₂

mol₁ = mol₂

Question 10

electrolytes

Answer 10

Substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity.

Question 11

strong electrolytes

Answer 11

Substances such as sodium chloride that completely dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water.

Question 12

nonelectrolytes

Answer 12

Compounds such as sugar that do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. It does not conduct electricity.

Question 13

Acids

Answer 13

Molecular compunds that ionize into H⁺when it dossolves in water.

Question 14

strong acid

Answer 14

One that completely ionizes in solution and are strong electrolytes. Such as HCl.

Question 15

weak acids

Answer 15

Do not completely ionize in water. Composed mostly of the nonionized acid – only a small percentage of the acid molecules ionize.

Question 16

weak electrolytes

Answer 16

Weak acids. Conducts electricity weakly.

Question 17

soluble

Answer 17

Compound that dissolves in water.

Compounds containing the following ions are generally soluble

1. Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and NH₄⁺
   
   • No exceptions
2. NO₃^- and C₂H₃O₂^-
   
   • ​No exceptions
3. Cl^-, Br^-, and I^-​
   
   • ​When these ions pair with Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺ or Pb²⁺, the resulting compounds are insoluble.
4. SO₄^2-
   
   • ^​​When SO₄^2- pairs with Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, or Ca²⁺, the resulting compound is insoluble.

Question 18

insoluble

Answer 18

Compound that does not dissolve in water.

Compounds containing the following ions are generally insoluble.

1. OH^- and S^2-
   
   • ^​​When these ions pair with Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, or NH₄⁺, the resulting compounds are soluble.
   • When S^2- pairs with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ba²⁺, the resulting compound is soluble.
   • When OH^- pairs with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ba²⁺, the resulting compound is slightly soluble.
2. CO₃^2- and PO₄^3-
   
   • ​​When these ions pair with Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, or NH₄⁺, the resulting compounds are soluble.

Question 19

precipitation reaction

Answer 19

A reaction in which a solid forms upon the mixing of two solutions.

Question 20

precipitate

Answer 20

A solid, insoluble ionic compond that forms in, and separates from, a solution.

Question 21

molecular equation

Answer 21

An equation that shows the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction as if they existed as molecules.

Question 22

complete ionic equations

Answer 22

Equation that lists all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reactions.

Question 23

spectator ions

Answer 23

Ions that do not participate in the reaction. Ions in the complete ionic equation that appear unchanged on both sides of the equation.

Question 24

net ionic equations

Answer 24

Equations that show only the species that actually change during the reaction. Omit spectator ions.

Question 25

acid base reaction

Answer 25

An acid reacts with a base and the two neutralize each other, producing water (or in some cases a weak electrolyte). Also called neutralization reaction.

Question 26

Arrhenius definition

Answer 26

The definitions of an acid as a substance that produces H⁺ ions in aqueous solution and a base as a substance that produces OH^- ions in aqueous solution.

Question 27

hydronium ions

Answer 27

H₃O⁺, the ion formed from the association of a water molecule with an H⁺ ion donated by an acid.

Question 28

polyprotic acids

Answer 28

Acids that contain more than one ionizable proton and release them sequentially.

Question 29

Diprotic acid

Answer 29

An acid that contains two ionizable protons.

Question 30

Acids

Answer 30

Hydrochloric acid - HCl

Hydrobromic acid - HBr

Hydroiodic acid - HI

Nitric acid - HNO₃

Sulfuric acid - H₂SO₄

Perchloric acid - HClO₄

Acetic acid - HC₂H₃O₂ (weak acid)

Hydrofluoric acid - HF (weak acid)

Question 31

bases

Answer 31

Sodium hydroxide - NaOH

Lithium hydroxide - LiOH

Potassium hydroxide - KOH

Calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)₂

Barium hydroxide - Ba(OH)₂

Ammonia - NH₃ (weak)

(Ammonia does not contain OH^- but it produces it in a reaction with water that occurs only to a small extent.)

Question 32

Binary acids

Answer 32

Composed of hydrogen and a nonmetal.

Hydro + base name of nonmetal + -ic + acid

HCl - hydrochloric acid

Question 33

oxyacids

Answer 33

Contain hydrogen and an oxyanion (an anion containing an nonmetal and oxygen). (polyatomic)

oxyanions ending with -ate: base name of oxyanion + -ic + acid

oxyanions ending with -ite: base name of oxyanion + -ous + acid

• HNO₃ (aq)- Nitric acid*
• H₂SO₃ (aq) - sulfurous acid*

Question 34

salt

Answer 34

Ionic compound that usually remains dissolved in the solution.

Question 35

titration

Answer 35

A substance in a solution of known concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown concentration.

Question 36

Equivalence point