Chapter 9: Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions Flashcards
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two substances such as salt and water.
solvent
The major component of the mixture.
solute
The minor component of the mixture.
aqueous solution
One in which water acts as the solvent.
dilute solution
One that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent.
concentrated solution
One that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent.
molarity
The amount of solute (in moles) divided by the volume of solution (in liters). A common way to express solution concentration.
M = mol/L
stock solution
Solutions in concentrated forms.
Solution Dilution
M1V1= M2V2
mol1 = mol2
electrolytes
Substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity.
strong electrolytes
Substances such as sodium chloride that completely dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water.
nonelectrolytes
Compounds such as sugar that do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. It does not conduct electricity.
Acids
Molecular compunds that ionize into H+when it dossolves in water.
strong acid
One that completely ionizes in solution and are strong electrolytes. Such as HCl.
weak acids
Do not completely ionize in water. Composed mostly of the nonionized acid – only a small percentage of the acid molecules ionize.
weak electrolytes
Weak acids. Conducts electricity weakly.
soluble
Compound that dissolves in water.
Compounds containing the following ions are generally soluble
- Li+, Na+, K+, and NH4+
- No exceptions
- NO3- and C2H3O2-
- No exceptions
- Cl-, Br-, and I-
- When these ions pair with Ag+, Hg22+ or Pb2+, the resulting compounds are insoluble.
- SO42-
- When SO42- pairs with Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Ag+, or Ca2+, the resulting compound is insoluble.
insoluble
Compound that does not dissolve in water.
Compounds containing the following ions are generally insoluble.
- OH- and S2-
- When these ions pair with Li+, Na+, K+, or NH4+, the resulting compounds are soluble.
- When S2- pairs with Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+, the resulting compound is soluble.
- When OH- pairs with Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+, the resulting compound is slightly soluble.
- CO32- and PO43-
- When these ions pair with Li+, Na+, K+, or NH4+, the resulting compounds are soluble.
precipitation reaction
A reaction in which a solid forms upon the mixing of two solutions.
precipitate
A solid, insoluble ionic compond that forms in, and separates from, a solution.
molecular equation
An equation that shows the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction as if they existed as molecules.
complete ionic equations
Equation that lists all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reactions.
spectator ions
Ions that do not participate in the reaction. Ions in the complete ionic equation that appear unchanged on both sides of the equation.
net ionic equations
Equations that show only the species that actually change during the reaction. Omit spectator ions.