Chapter 9- Foreign relations Flashcards
what did Henry’s councillors seek at the beginning of his reign?
a continuation of peace, they negotiated a renewal of the treaty of etaples in 1510
how did Henry signal his early foreign policy intentions?
commissioned a translation of the life of his predecessor Henry V (Agincourt).
he also helped to create the holy league which was an anti French alliance by sending AoY Christopher Bainbridge to persuade Pope Julius II
who was a part of the Holy League?
England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Papacy
a collection of countries in an anti-french alliance
how were Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximilian I using Henry?
in 1512 Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 men to southwest France. however, this achieved nothing and was used by Ferdinand as a diversionary tactic while he conquered Navarre.
when was the Battle of the Spurs?
1513
what French towns were captured in 1513?
Tournai and Therouanne- claimed by propaganda to be a huge victory
what happened at the battle of flodden in 1513?
King James IV crossed the anglo-scottish border with a substantial force, but was defeated by a smaller English army led by the earl of Surrey. James himself was killed, along with much of the Scottish nobility. this left the throne of Scotland in the hands of an infant but Henry did little to capitalise of the opportunity.
what were the consequences of Henry’s military adventures of 1513?
-the war was very costly and Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to pay for it.
-there were rumblings about the taxation in Yorkshire, which only narrowly failed to turn into a full scale revolt.
-the negotiated french pension was lost (etaples)
-tournai was eventually sold back to the French for less than the English had paid to repair its defences after the siege.
how did Wolsey pick up the pieces of Henry’s failed military adventures in 1513?
he recovered the etaples pension and secured a marriage alliance between Henry’s younger sister Mary and the much older king of France, Louis XII
why was a 1514 invasion discounted?
Ferdinand and Maximillian had made peace with France
what three points can be made about the basis of foreign policy making between 1514-26?
- england remained a relatively minor power and could not really compete on level terms with the major powers of France and Spain.
- Henry significantly overestimated English power. wolsey then had to frame the details of foreign policy on that assumption.
- the auld alliance remained strong, consequently when England and France were on amicable terms there tended to be little issues with Scotland, but when there were tensions they tended to be with both nations.
by the end of 1514 Henry had run out of money to continue a warlike policy, what were the consequences of this?
he was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of James IV at Flodden.
- he sought peace with France through marriage of his sister Mary to Louis XII in 1514. However, Louis died soon after in Jan 1515, and Mary remarried Duke of Suffolk, angering Henry
how did Henry see Francis I?
a personal, as well as political rival
He sought alliance with Ferdinand, but he died in 1516 and Charles V sought alliance with the French
what was the consequence of the treaty of cambrai?
Charles and Maximillian sign treaty with Francis in 1517
england was left dangerously isolated.
What was the Duke of Albany’s involvement?
- he was heir presumptive to the Scottish throne and a member of the French nobility
- Francis exploited this and Albany was appointed regent to the throne
- threat minimised through divisions among the Scottish nobility
- showed Henry was incapable of exploiting weaknesses in Scotland
what was the treaty of London?
it had its origins in peace negotiations between england and France but its scope widened and it became a treaty of ‘perpetual peace’, a non-aggression pact agreed to by england, France, Spain, the HRE and numerous smaller states in 1518
who prompted the treaty of London?
the pope Leo X, who saw the need for a united christian front against the threat of the ottoman turks.
consequences of the treaty for Wolsey
- emerged as Europe’s leading diplomat
- made Papal legate over England
- height of Wolsey’s power and prestige as chief minister
general consequences of the treaty of London
- no long term success
- friendship continued in the short term between France and England
French- English relations after the treaty of London
- England return Tournai
- France pay pension
- French agree to keep Albany out of Scotland
- France concerned about Charles V’s election to post of Holy Roman Emperor in 1519
what was the field of cloth of gold?
- held in June 1520
- near Calais
- huge, extravagant meeting that cost around £15,000
- had no real diplomatic success or long term success
Henry’s change in diplomatic alliance after the field of cloth of gold
- Conflict occurs between Francis and Charles V in 1521
- Wolsey negotiates Treaty of Bruges with Charles
- English armies then invaded France in 1522 and 1523 but gained little and cost a large amount of extraordinary revenue
why was the treaty of Bruges signed
- Henry wanted to improve his relations with the Pope who wanted to reduce French control over northern Italy
- wanted territory in France
- marriage alliance was going to occur between Charles and Henry’s daughter Mary
failure at Pavia and consequences
- Henry tries to benefit from Charles’ defeat of the French at Pavia in 1525, suggesting to Charles they invade Northern France
- amicable grant’s failure and consequences showed lack of public support
