Chapter 9 first half

Question 0

Flashbulb memories

Answer 0

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

: the retention of encoded information over time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 6

Short-term memory

Answer 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Question 7

Long-term memory

Answer 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 8

Working memory

Answer 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 9

Automatic processing

Answer 9

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 11

Rehearsal

Answer 11

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Question 12

Spacing effect

Answer 12

We retain information better when we rehearse over time.

Question 13

Serial position effect

Answer 13

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Question 14

Visual encoding

Answer 14

the encoding of picture images.

Question 15

Acoustic encoding

Answer 15

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Question 16

Semantic encoding

Answer 16

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Question 17

Imagery

Answer 17

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Question 18

Mnemonic devices

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 20

Hierarchies

Answer 20

organizing a few broad concepts by dividing and subdividing them into narrower concepts and facts.

Question 21

Self-reference effect

Answer 21

is the tendency for individuals to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance.

Question 22

Rosy retrospection

Answer 22

refers to the finding that subjects later rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occured

Question 23

Method of loci

Answer 23

This is a mnemonic device or technique in which a person visualizes the items they’re trying to learn in different spatial locations. To do this, the person associates the items with landmarks in some familiar place, which helps them recall the items later.