Chapter 9: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards
(108 cards)
Sources of CO2 causing climate change
Burning of fossil fuels, ozone, methane–these gases along with water vapor produce the green house effect by absorbing/re-emitting infrared energy; also increased by deforestation, increase n surface heat absorption due to loss of ice, increase in water vapor due to greater evaporation, decreased sequestration of CO2 in oceans due to reduced organisms, increased heat energy in oceans and atmosphere
A quantatitative concept of a poison strictly depends on?
Dosage
Exogenous chemicals in the environment in air, water, food and soil that may be absorbed into the body through inhalation, ingestion and skin contact
Xenobiotics
Most solvents and drugs are ____philic which facilitates their transport in the blood by _____ and their penetration through the plasma membrane into cells
Lipo
Lipoproteins
_____ estimates the burden imposed by environmental disease, including communicable disease, and nutritional diseases by applying a metric called DALY (disability adjusted life year)–Sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost to disability in a population
GBD–Global Burden of Disease, a world health organization project
Most solvents and drugs absorbed by the body go one of either two paths. They can be detoxified by obtaining _____ properties or they can be activated to form toxic metabolites
Water soluble
Phases that occurs in metabolism
Phase I: chemicals undergo hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction
Phase II: products of phase I become conjugated onto something (this makes them water soluble–examples are glucoronidation, sulfation, methylation, and conjugation with glutathione
Most important catalyst of phase I reactions
CYP (cytochrome P 450 enzyme system)
Where is P-450 located?
Primarily in endoplasmic reticulum in liver but also present in skin, lungs, and GI mucosa and other organs
The P-450 system catalyzes reactions that either detoxify cenobitic so or less commonly covert xenobiotics into active compounds that cause cellular injury. Which one causes ROS?
Both may produce ROS as byproduct
In the United States, the environmental protection agency monitors and sets allowable upper limits for what six pollutants?
Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Ground level ozone Nitrogen dioxide Lead Particulate matter
Which ozone is the good one and which is the bad?
Good=O3
Bad=ground level ozone
What does O3 do? What does ground level ozone do?
Ozone (O3) is produced by interaction of UV radiation and oxygen in the stratosphere and protects life on earth by absorbing the most dangerous UV radiation emitted by the sun
It is a gas formed by the reaction of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (industrial and motor vehicle exhaust) in the presence. It’s toxicity is mediated by the production of free radicals, which injure epithelial cells along the respiratory tract and type I alveolar cells
Conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient, workplace and personal environment including diseases of nutritional origin. Diseaase related to environmental exposures mostly comes to publics attention after dramatic events
Environmental disease
Single leading global cause of health loss
Undernutrition
Leading causes of death in developed nations
Undernutrition
Major risk factors of coronary and cerebrovascular diseases
Obesity, smoking and high cholesterol
5 of the top 10 causes of death in developing countries are what?
Infectious diseases–respiratory infection, HIV, diarrheal disease, TB, malaria
Malnutrition increases the risk of?
Infection
50% of all death in children younger than 5 are attributable to what 3 conditions (all preventable)
Pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, and malaria
Type of diseases constitute almost 1/3 of newly emerging infections and in many cases can be linked to environmental changes including global warming?
Vector borne diseases
How has worldwide mortality of under 5 yo children changed since 1980?
27% decline but does not meet UN goals yet. Under 5 year old mortality in central and west Africa has not declined
3 examples of emerging infectious diseases
- Newly evolved strains of organisms (MRSA, XDF TB, chloroquine-resistant malaria)
- Endemic in other species that have recently entered human population (HIV and SARS)
- Present in human populations but show a recent increase in incidence (dengue fever)
4 aspects of health and disease affected by global warming
- Increase in vector borne disease (dengue fever, west Nile, hanavirus pulmonary syndrome)
- Malnutrition: due to disrupted crops
- Gastroenteritis and infectious disease epidemics–due to contamination after natural disasters
- Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory disease–heat waves and air pollution
