Chapter 9 - Eating Disorders Flashcards
There has been a _____ in eating disorders in the _____________
rise, past three decades
The core issue in eating disorders is:
a morbid fear of weight gain
Two main diagnoses:
Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa
The main symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: (4)
- A refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight
- Intense fears of becoming overweight
- Distorted view of weight and shape
- Amenorrhea (period stopping)
DSM-5 Checklist for Anorexia Nervosa (3)
- Restricted net intake of nourishment, leading to significantly low body weight
- Intense fear of gaining weight, even though significantly underweight
- Disturbed body perception, undue influence of weight or shape on self evaluation, or persistent denial of the seriousness of the current low weight
Two main subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa:
- Restricting type
- Binge-eating/purging type
Restricting type is when:
Anorexia
- Lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food
- Show almost no variability in diet
Binge-eating/purging type is when:
Anorexia
- Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics
- Like those with bulimia nervosa, people with this subtype may engage in eating binges
Anorexia Nervosa: The “typical” case:
-A normal to slightly overweight female has been on a diet
-Escalation toward anorexia nervosa may follow a stressful event
-Most patients recover
However, about 2% to 6% become seriously ill and die as a result of medical complications or suicide
key goal for people with anorexia nervosa:
-Becoming thin The driving motivation is fear: Of becoming obese Of giving in to the desire to eat Of losing control of body size and shape
People with anorexia nervosa also display certain psychological problems: (7)
- Depression (usually mild)
- Anxiety
- Low self esteem
- Insomnia
- Substance Abuse
- Obsessive Compulsive patterns
- Perfectionism
Anorexia Nervosa: Medical Problems caused by starvation (10)
- Amenorrhea (menstruation stops)
- Low body temp
- Low blood pressure
- Body Swelling
- Reduced bone density
- Slow heart rate
- Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances
- Dry skin, brittle nails
- Poor circulation
- Lanugo
Typical case of Bulimia Nervosa
- A normal to slightly overweight female has been on an intense diet
- Research suggests that even among normal participants, bingeing often occurs after strict dieting
- Like anorexia nervosa, about 90%–95% of bulimia nervosa cases occur in females
- The peak age of onset is between 15 and 21 years
- Symptoms may last for several years with periodic letup
Two subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa
- Purging-type bulimia nervosa
- Non-purging type bulimia nervosa
Purging-type bulimia nervosa
- Forced Vomiting
- Misusing laxatives, diuretics or enemas
Non-purging type bulimia nervosa
- Fasting
- Exercising frantically
DSM-5 Checklist for Bulimia Nervosa (4)
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain.
- Symptoms continuing , on average, at least once a week for three months
- Undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation
Related disorder to Bulimia Nervosa & symptoms of that disorder
-Binge-eating disorder
-Symptoms include:
pattern of binge eating with NO compensatory behaviors (such as vomiting)
Patients with BN may also qualify for a diagnosis of
Anorexia
People with bulimia nervosa may have between___ and ___ binge episodes per week
1 and 30
Binge-eaters commonly consume between _____and _______calories per binge episode
1,000 and 10,000 calories
Similarities between Bulimia and Anorexia (9)
- Begin after a period of dieting
- Fear of becoming obese
- Drive to become thin
- Preoccupation with food, weight, appearance
- Feelings of anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, perfectionism
- Heighted risk of suicide attempts
- Substance abuse
- Distorted body perception
- Disturbed attitudes toward eating
Differences between Bulimia and Anorexia ()
-People with bulimia nervosa are more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships
-People with bulimia nervosa tend to be more sexually experienced and active
-People with bulimia nervosa are more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance, and poor coping
-More than one-third of people with bulimia display characteristics of a personality disorder, particularly borderline personality disorder
Different medical complications:
-Only half of women with bulimia nervosa experience amenorrhea vs. almost all women with anorexia nervosa
-People with bulimia nervosa suffer damage caused by purging, especially from vomiting and laxatives
Most theorists and researchers what perspective to explain eating disorders:
3 key factors that place ind. at risk
Multidimensional risk perspective:
Several key factors place individuals at risk
More factors = greater likelihood of developing a disorder
Leading factors:
-Psychological problems (ego, cognitive, and mood disturbances)
-Biological factors
-Sociocultural conditions (societal, family, and multicultural pressures)
Hilde Bruch developed what theory of eating disorders and how did he say they were caused?
- Psychodynamic theory of eating disorders
- Argued that eating disorders are the result of disturbed mother–child interactions, which lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child and to severe perceptual disturbances
Bruch argues that parents may respond to their children either ___________ or ____________
effectively or ineffectively
Effective parents
accurately attend to a child’s biological and emotional needs
Ineffective parents
fail to attend to child’s needs; they feed when the child is anxious, comfort when the child is tired, etc.
Such children may grow up confused and unaware of their own internal needs and turn, instead, to external guides
Theorists believe that mood disorders
set the stage for eating disorders
Symptoms of eating disorders are helped by :
antidepressant medications
