Chapter 9 - Development

Question 1

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Answer 1

Compares prices across countries in US dollars to account for differences in the cost of living. - GNI per capita

Question 2

Gini Coefficient

Answer 2

Measures income distribution from a scale of zero to 100. Zero represents perfect equality, where everyone has the same income, whereas 100 represents perfect inequality, where one person receives all the income.

Question 3

Human Development Index

Answer 3

Combines the measures of GNI per capita, life expectancy at birth, and levels of education.

Question 4

Gross National Income

Answer 4

The total domestic and foreign value added claimed by residents at a given period in time, usually a year, expressed in international dollars using purchasing power parity rates.

Question 5

Gender Inequality Index

Answer 5

A subsection of the HDI; attempts to measure aspects of women’s development in terms of health, empowerment, and work; based on maternal mortality rates, adolescent birth rates, proportion of women in parliament, women with at least some secondary education, and participation of women in the workforce.

Question 6

Sustainable Development

Answer 6

Measuring human development based on the environment. In 2015, the UN established the Sustainable Development Goals - economic, social, and environmental.

Question 7

Dependency Theory

Answer 7

Uses dependency framework, whereby trade relationships shape the “winners” and the “losers” in global development. Countries fall within core (great economic, political, and military influence), periphery (largely export raw materials; poorest countries), and semiperipheral (in between; low wage and low skill manufacturing).

Question 8

World Systems Theory

Answer 8

Suggests that all individual national economies are deeply interconnected, especially via the flow of labor and resources from the Periphery to the Core.

Question 9

Modernization Theory

Answer 9

Views market forces as the cause of spatially uneven development. Claims that it is countries and places that promote private property ownership, entrepreneurship, trade, and technology that thrive, whereas those that limit them remain underdeveloped. - W.W. Rostow

Question 10

Neoliberal Model

Answer 10

Argues that development is best achieved through market forces, with as little government intervention as possible. - Adam Smith

Question 11

Expected Years of Schooling

Answer 11

The number of years a child entering school (around 5 years old) should expect to complete considering current enrollment rates.