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Bio 101 Final > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

A partial degradation of sugars that occur without O2

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1
Q

Cellular respiration includes both…

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration…

Definition

A

Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but…

A

It consumes compounds other than oxygen

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4
Q

What is the reaction for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 H2O + energy (ATP + heat)

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5
Q

The breakdown of organic molecules is?

A

Exergonic

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6
Q

The transfer of ____ during a chemical reaction _____ _______ stored on organic molecules

A

Electrons

Releases energy

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7
Q

The release of energy is ultimately used to synthesize..

A

ATP

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8
Q

Oxidation-reduction reaction are also known as?

A

Redox reactions

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9
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactant

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10
Q

In oxidation…

A

A substance loses electrons

Is oxidized

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11
Q

In reduction…

A

A substance gains electrons

Or is reduced ( the amount of positive charges)

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12
Q

Na + Cl —-> Na+ + Cl-

What’s oxidized? Reduced?

A

Na becomes oxidized

Cl becomes reduced

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13
Q

Reducing agent is a/an..

A

Electron donor

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14
Q

Oxidizing agent is a/an…

A

Electron receptor

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15
Q

Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but…

Example.

A

Change the electron sharing in covalent bonds

Ex: methane and O2

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16
Q

Methane and O2 reaction.

What’s oxidized? Reduced? How?

A

CH4 + 2 O2 ——> CO2 + Energy + H2O

Methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide
Oxygen is reduced to water

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17
Q

During cellular respiration what is oxidized and reduced?

A

The fuel is oxidized (such as glucose)

Oxygen is reduced

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18
Q

Oxidation of glucose is carried out by?

A

Enzymes called Dehydrogenases

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19
Q

What does dehydrogenase need the help of to oxidize glucose?

A

Coenzyme

Such as NAD+ and FAD

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20
Q

What IS the oxidized state of NADH?

A

NAD+

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21
Q

What does NADH represent?

A

Stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

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22
Q

NADH passes the electron to…

A

The electron transport chain

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23
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
The citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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25
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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26
Q

Glycolysis can take place..

A

In both the presence and absense of oxygen

27
Q

The citric acid cycle does what?

A

Completes the breakdown of glucose

28
Q

The citric acid cycle occurs in…

In the presence of?

A

the mitochondrial matrix

In the presence of oxygen

29
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in…

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane

30
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accounts for most Id the ATP synthesis

31
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by?

A

Redox reactions

32
Q

A small amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and The citric acid cycle by?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

33
Q

2 major phases of Glycolysis

A

Energy investment phase

Energy payoff phase

34
Q

Energy investment phase

A

2 ATP is used

35
Q

Energy payoff phase

A

4 ATP formed
2 NADH + 2 H+
2 pyruvate + 2 H2O

36
Q

What is the net of Glycolysis?

A

Glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O

4 ATP - 2 ATP used –> 2 ATP

2 NAD+ + 4e- + 4H+ –> 2 NADH + 2 H+

37
Q

What does acetyl CoA do?

A

Links The citric acid cycle to Glycolysis

38
Q

Pyruvate enters the _____ in the presence of ______

A

Mitochondrion

Oxygen

39
Q

What has to happen before The citric acid cycle can being?

A

Pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA

40
Q

Where does The citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

Another name for the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Krebs cycle

42
Q

What happens in the Citric Acid cycle?

What is the result?

A

The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate.

generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

43
Q

How does the acetyl group join the cycle?

A

By combining with oxaloacetate. Forming citrate

44
Q

The next 7 steps of the citric acid cycle…

A

Decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the the process a cycle

45
Q

Where is NADH and FADH2 produced? and what do they do?

A

There were producer from the cycle and they relay extracted electrons to the electron transport chain

46
Q

What are the 2 parts of oxidation phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

47
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

On the cristae of the mitochondrion

48
Q

What does the electron transport chain mostly consist of?

A

Proteins in multiprotein complexes

49
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH or FADH2 results on NAD+ and FAD

Electrons are passed through a Number a proteins to O2

50
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

51
Q

Chemiosmosis is also known as…

A

The energy-coupling mechanism

52
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

53
Q

The H+ gradient us referred to as a…

A

Proton-motive force

54
Q

ATP synthase uses ____ to drive __________ which is a _________

A

The exergonic flow of H+

phosphorylation of ATP

endergonic reaction

55
Q

How many ATP is produced during cellular respiration?

A

About 38 ATP

56
Q

Energy flow during cellular respiration

Chart

A

Glucose –> NADH –> electron transport chain –> proton-motive force –> ATP

57
Q

In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis couples…

A

with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP

58
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses..

Example?

A

An electron transport chain with an electron acceptor other then oxygen

Example: sulfate

59
Q

What is the electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

Pyruvate

60
Q

What does fermentation use instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP?

A

Phosphorylation

61
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

Alcohol

Lactic acid

62
Q

Fermentation consists of what processes…

A

Glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+

63
Q

Fermentation produces ___ ATP per ______

A

2

Glucose molecule

64
Q

What’s the difference between fermentation and aerobic respiration?

A

They have different final electron acceptors

65
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

66
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Organisms they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

Bio 101 Final (1 decks)

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