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Biology 201 > Chapter 9 - Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What does effective signaling require?

A

Ligand and Receptor Protein

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2
Q

Signaling molecule (amino acid, peptide, large protein, individual nucleotides, steroids, lipids, dissolved gases such as Nitrous Oxide NO)?

A

Ligand

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3
Q

Molecule to which signal binds?

A

Receptor Protein

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4
Q

Where are receptor proteins located?

A

On plasma membrane or within a cell

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5
Q

Complex made of ligand and receptor protein

A

Complex ligand-receptor

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6
Q

what is signal transduction

A

signal that results in a cellular response

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7
Q

How does signal response work

A

Cell responds to only one signal and ignores the rest depending on kind and number of receptors

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8
Q

What is the general process of signal transduction

A

Ligand binds to receptor with complementary shape, induced change of receptor shape, initiation of signal transduction pathway, cellular response

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9
Q

What are the basic mechanisms of Cellular Communication

A

1- Direct Contact
2- Paracrine Signaling
3- Endocrine Signaling
4- Synaptic Signaling

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10
Q

What is direct contact

A

cells are close to each other & molecules on surface of cells are recognized by receptors of adjacent cell.

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11
Q

Examples of direct contact

A

Embryonic development
Gap Junction

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12
Q

What is Paracrine Signaling

A

signal molecules diffuse through extra-cellular fluid to nearby cells & only affects nearby cells

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13
Q

Characteristics of signals in Paracrine Signaling

A

Short-lived & Local Effect

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14
Q

Examples of Paracrine Signaling

A

early development, immune cells, and growth factors

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15
Q

What is endocrine signaling

A

signal molecules enter the circulatory system and travel through the body

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16
Q

Where do secretions of endocrines go

A

Travel to distant cells

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17
Q

Characteristics of signals in Endocrine Signaling

A

long-lived & distant effect

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18
Q

Examples of Endocrine Signaling

A

Hormones

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19
Q

What are the signal molecules in synaptic signaling

A

Neurotransmitters released by nerve cells

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20
Q

What is synaptic signaling

A

Neurotransmitters travel from tip of nerve cells to nearby target cells through a synaptic gap

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21
Q

What is a chemical synapse

A

Neuron & Target cell

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22
Q

Characteristics of signal in synaptic signaling

A

Short-lived & brief effect

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23
Q

examples of synaptic signaling

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA

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24
Q

what is autocrine signaling

A

cells secrete signals that bind to specific receptors on their own plasma membrane
they respond express and respond to secreted signals

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25
Q

examples of autocrine signaling

A

signaling in immune system

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26
Q

what are signal transduction pathways

A

complex and discrete pathways

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27
Q

what is signal transduction

A

events that occur on receipt of a signal

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28
Q

what is the path for signal transduction

A

Ligand binds to receptor protein, forms complex, response

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29
Q

what is protein phosphorylation

A

control of protein function

30
Q

what does protein kinases do

A

add phosphate from ATP to a protein

31
Q

what is dephosphorylation

A

removal of a phosphate group from a protein

32
Q

relation of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation to a protein

A

protein is activated by phosphorylation.
deactivated by phosphorylation
reverse works

33
Q

how are receptors defined

A

by location and specific ligand binding

34
Q

Characteristics of intracellular receptors

A

In cytoplasm and bind to hydrophobic ligands inside the cell

35
Q

Characteristics of membrane receptors

A

transmembrane protein in plasma membrane, cytoplasmic or extracellular domain, bind to hydrophobic ligands outside the cell

36
Q

Characteristics of Cell surface receptors

A

transmembrane protein in plasma membrane, cytoplasmic or extracellular domain, bind to hydrophobic ligands outside the cell

37
Q

Types of Cell surface/membrane receptors

A

Channel-linked, enzymatic, and G-protein coupled receptors

38
Q

characteristics of channel-linked receptors

A

Chemically/ligand gated ion channel, no energy needed, moves down concentration gradient

39
Q

characteristics of enzymatic receptors

A

integral mb proteins, act or linked to enzyme, catalytic rxn on cytoplasmic portion, protein kinases

40
Q

characteristics of G-protein coupled receptors

A

integral mb proteins, linked to G-protein

41
Q

what causes G-protein conformation change

A

ligand binding

42
Q

characteristics of steroid hormones

A

small, non-polar, bind to steroid hormone receptor, pass through plasma mb

43
Q

function of steroid hormone

A

regulation of gene expression, production of proteins

44
Q

functional domains of steroid receptors

A

hormone-binding, DNA-binding, interacts with coactivators to affect gene expression

45
Q

inactive state of steroid receptor

A

inhibitor protein occupies DNA binding sight

46
Q

hormone activation of steroid receptor

A

signals bind, change of receptor, inhibitor release, exposed DNA binding sight, receptor activation

47
Q

gene expression activation of steroid receptor

A

receptor binds to DNA nucleotide seq in the nucleus, cell response is change I gene expression

48
Q

how do coactivators work

A

intracellular responses act in concert with coactivators

49
Q

difference in cell responses to the same signal is due to

A

number + nature of coactivators

50
Q

how does the estrogen hormone affect the mammary tissue

A

coactivator is lacking, hormone interacts with another protein, gene expression decreases

51
Q

how does the estrogen hormone affect the uterine tissue

A

presence of coactivator, complex estrogen-receptor binds to coactivator, gene expression increases (prepare uterus for pregnancy)

52
Q

what is the receptor for NO gas

A

Guanylyl cyclase complex

53
Q

how does Guanylyl cyclase complex work

A

NO binds to it, activating it, then catalyzes the synthesis of cGMP

54
Q

what is the receptor for viagra

A

Sildenafil - cGMP phosphodiesterase complex

55
Q

what is a protein kinase

A

enzymatic receptors that alter protein function by phosphorylation

56
Q

what is an RTK

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

57
Q

Function of RTK

A

recognize hydrophilic ligands

58
Q

Signaling via RTK influences what processes

A

cell cycle
cell migration
cell metabolism
cell proliferation
stimulate cell division

59
Q

Mutations in RTK or Alterations of RTK signaling pathways can cause

A

cancer

60
Q

Continuous signaling from RTK causes

A

Continuous cell proliferation

61
Q

what is a plant receptor kinases

A

serine-threonine kinases

62
Q

structure of RTK

A

single transmembrane domain, extracellular ligand-binding domain, intracellular kinase domain (catalytic site)

63
Q

what does the catalytic site do

A

acts as a protein kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine

64
Q

what occurs upon ligand binding

A

Dimerization & autophosphorylation

65
Q

what is Dimerization

A

2 receptor-ligand complexes associate together

66
Q

what is autophosphorylation

A

2 receptor-ligand complexes phosphorylate eachother

67
Q

what does activation of the tyrosine kinase domain do

A

phosphorylation of intracellular targets (response proteins)

68
Q

what does an activated receptor do

A

add phosphate to tyrosine on response protein

69
Q

what does cell response depend on

A

type of response proteins inside the cell

70
Q

what is a phosphotyrosine?

A

phosphorylated region outside the catalytic site

71
Q

how are intracellular events initiated?

A

proteins bind to phosphotyrosine

Biology 201 (1 decks)

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