Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems Pathology Exam Two > Chapter 9 - Blood Vessels Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Blood Vessels Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Increased vascular resistance can lead to what vascular condition?

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Deceased sodium excretion can lead to what vascular condition?

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What risk factors are associated with hypertension?

A

Age, stress, obesity, smoking, inactivity, increased salt intake, genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What race is more likely to develop hypertension?

A

African Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of personality can put one at a higher risk of developing hypertension?

A

Type A personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

Around 200/120 BP (5% of all hypertension cases) which is usually lethal within 1-2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can malignant hypertension be detected early on?

A

Papilledema or retinal hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can malignant hypertension be detected in its later stages?

A

Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Increased blood pressure can increase the risk of what conditions?

A

Ischemic heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the steps of vascular wall responses to injury?

A
  1. Endothelial injury/dysfunction
  2. Smooth muscle cell recruitment
  3. Growth of smooth muscle cell & ECM
  4. Irreversible intimal thickening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can irreversible intimal thickening as a result of vascular injury lead to?

A

Vessel stenosis (tissue ischemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can aging affect the tunica intima of vascular structures?

A

Slight stenosis but usually isn’t clinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the term for hardening of the arterioles?

A

ArterioLOsclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is term for the hardening of arteries?

A

Arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does arteriosclerosis develop?

A

Decreased elasticity and arterial thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What condition involves the calcification of the tunica media?

A

Monckeberg medial sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Does Monckenberg medial sclerosis lead to stenosis?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the usual age range of Monckeberg medial sclerosis?

A

> 50 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Formation of atheromas (plaques)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where can atherosclerosis occur?

A

Heart (CAD), brain, intestines, kidneys, legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What form of arteriosclerosis is age-related?

A

Monckeberg medial sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What organs are most sensitive to hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which arteriole reaction occurs in response to benign hypertension?

A

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which type of arteriole reaction occurs in response to severe hypertension?

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Onionskin appearance is indicative of what arteriole response to hypertension?

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prolonged diabetes mellitus is associated with which arteriole response to hypertension?

A

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What percentage of arteriosclerosis cases are actually atherosclerosis?

A

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.?

A

Atherosclerosis (CAD, myocardial infarction, stroke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What effect does atherosclerosis have on blood flow?

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?

A

Atheromas due to atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What layer of the vessel is weakened in atherosclerosis?

A

Tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A weakened tunica media is a risk for what issue?

A

Aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the foam cells seen in an atherosclerosis plaque?

A

Fat-laden macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When is chest pain present in coronary artery disease?

A

When 70% of the arteries are occluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which type of plaque has inflammation present, as well?

A

Vulnerable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which type of plaque has a fibrous cap providing support?

A

Stable plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of blood flow is seen with atherosclerosis?

A

Extra turbulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Too many LDLs and too little HDLs (hyperlipidemia) increase the risk of what vascular condition?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What things can make cholesterol levels better?

A

Exercise, moderate alcohol, statin meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What kinds of things make cholesterol levels worse?

A

Obesity, smoking

42
Q

What usually causes hypertension?

A

95% idiopathic

43
Q

Can large amounts of alcohol have a beneficial effect against atherosclerosis?

A

No, only moderate levels

44
Q

What are additional risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Family history, increased age, males

45
Q

What is the response to injury hypothesis involved with atherosclerosis?

A

Chronic endothelial injury —> atherosclerosis

46
Q

At what time do females have a protection against atherosclerosis and when does that protection change?

A

Premenopause; then females have roughly the same risk as males after menopause for atherosclerosis

47
Q

What blood test can be used to measure inflammation in atherosclerosis?

A

C-reactive protein (levels usually high)

48
Q

What are big risk factors for myocardial infarction?

A

Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking

49
Q

Metabolic syndrome presents a risk for what condition?

A

Cardiovascular disease

50
Q

What issues can make up metabolic syndrome?

A

Central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability/pro-inflammatory state (adipokines)

51
Q

Peripheral vascular disease can lead to what condition following atherosclerosis?

A

Gangrene

52
Q

What is a general aneurysm?

A

Local vascular dilation

53
Q

What is the difference between a true and false aneurysm?

A

True aneurysm - all three layers of a vessel spread out

False aneurysm - defect in vascular wall leading to extravascular hematoma

54
Q

What are some common locations for a true aneurysm?

A

Aortic arch, abdominal aorta, iliac arteries

55
Q

What are risk factors for aneurysms?

A

Hypertension, atherosclerosis (lead to ischemia of tunica media)
Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

56
Q

What is the most common location for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Between renal and common iliac arteries

57
Q

What is the size of an AAA?

A

Dilation of >50% of normal

Diameter >5cm

58
Q

What are some risks for AAA?

A

Males, smoking, over 50 years old, Caucasian, familial history, atherosclerosis, hypertension

59
Q

How is AAA diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound or CT

60
Q

Should we adjust someone who has signs of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

High velocity lumbar adjustments should be largely avoided, but approach the situation with care because an AAA is very unstable.

61
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysms can also obstruct vessels branching off of the aorta to what locations?

A

Kidneys, spinal cord, GI tract, legs, could compress ureters

62
Q

What percentage of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms are fatal?

A

50%

63
Q

What is a major risk factor for aortic dissection?

A

Hypertension

64
Q

Who is most at risk for an aortic dissection?

A

Males 40-60

65
Q

Adolescents and young adults with what type of disorders are at risk for aortic dissections?

A

Connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos, Wilson disease

66
Q

What type of genetic pattern is seen with Wilson disease?

A

Autosomal recessive

67
Q

What is the frequency of Wilson disease?

A

1:30,000

68
Q

What is Wilson disease?

A

Abnormal copper ion transpiration leading to excessive copper accumulation

69
Q

How is the liver affected by Wilson disease?

A

Steatohepatitis

70
Q

How is the brain affected by Wilson disease?

A

Psychosis, Parkinsonism (the movement disorder, not Parkinson’s disease)

71
Q

How does Wilson disease affect the eye?

A

Kayser-Fleischer ring

72
Q

Pain with an aortic dissection can resemble what other condition?

A

Myocardial infarction

73
Q

Where is pain felt with an aortic dissection?

A

Anterior chest, projects posteriorly between the scapulae

74
Q

What type of aortic dissection is the most common and most severe?

A

Type A

75
Q

Which type of aortic dissection is in the ascending aorta?

A

Type A

76
Q

Which type of aortic dissection is seen in the left subclavian artery?

A

Type B

77
Q

Vasculitis is most common in what kind of arteries?

A

Small arteries

78
Q

What kind of infection could cause vasculitis?

A

Hepatitis B

79
Q

SLE or penicillin could cause what type of vasculitis?

A

Non-infectious

80
Q

What physical or chemical things could lead to vasculitis?

A

Irradiation or trauma

81
Q

Vascular tumors can arise from what structures?

A

Endothelial cells, connective tissue or vessels

82
Q

What most common type of vascular tumor?

A

Benign (example = hemangioma)

83
Q

A Kaposi sarcoma is an example of what type of vascular tumor?

A

Fairly aggressive

84
Q

An angiosarcoma is an example of what type of vascular tumor?

A

Rare and highly malignant sarcoma

85
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

Common benign vascular tumor affecting 1:200 newborns

86
Q

What is the usual prognosis with hemangiomas?

A

Self-resolve with age, usually around 7 years

87
Q

What virus is responsible for a Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

88
Q

A Kaposi sarcoma is common among what group of people?

A

AIDS patients (1,000X more likely)

89
Q

Kapsoi sarcomas are most likely where on the body?

A

Lower extremities

90
Q

What is the term for the purple, pink, and red appearance of a Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Macule formation (purpura)

91
Q

What is the prognosis of an angiosarcoma?

A

30% 5-year survival

92
Q

Angiosarcomas are more common among what population?

A

Older adults

93
Q

Where can angiosarcomas occur?

A

Anywhere on the body

94
Q

What are the most common locations for angiosarcomas?

A

Skin, breast, liver

95
Q

What present as risks for angiosarcomas?

A

Irradiation, foreign bodies

96
Q

Endovascular stenting is common with what vascular condition (90% of cases)?

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

97
Q

What is the purpose of endovascular stenting?

A

Preserve luminal patency

98
Q

How can endovascular stenting affect the luminal wall layers?

A

Possible intimal hyperplasia

99
Q

What is the purpose of vascular grafts?

A

Replace or bypass arteries

100
Q

What is a limitation of vascular grafts?

A

Long-term vessel patency, thrombosis possible

Systems Pathology Exam Two (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions