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Intro to Radiography > Chapter 9: Basic Radiation Protection and Radiobiology > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Basic Radiation Protection and Radiobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered X-rays?

A

Wilhelm Rongten

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2
Q

When were X-rays discovered?

A

November 8th, 1895

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3
Q

What was the name of Rongten’s report?

A

On a New Kind of Rays

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4
Q

Name the 3 common natural sources of ionizing radiation.

A

Radium, Uranium, and Cosmic Rays

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5
Q

Name sources of man made ionizing radiation.

A

Nuclear, Radionuclides, and Diagnostic Xrays

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6
Q

What does Roentgen measure?

A

exposure in the air, below 3MeV

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7
Q

What does RAD stand for?

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

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8
Q

What do RAD’s measure?

A

amount of radiation a person/body part absorbs as xrays pass through body.

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9
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Radiation Equivalent Man (Gy is the SI unit) 1 Gy=100 rad

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10
Q

What does REM measure?

A

The biological response. (Sv is the SI unit) 1 Sv= 100 rem

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11
Q

Curie (Ci) measures what?

A

measures rate of radionuclide decay (Bq is the SI unit) 1 Ci= 3.7x10^10 Bq

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12
Q

What is the speed Xrays travel?

A

They travel at the speed of light!

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13
Q

A “bundle of energy,” or group of photons is called what?

A

Quantum

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14
Q

What 3 things must be present to create xrays?

A

Cathode (containing a filament made of thoriated tungsten), A current to move electrions (mAs), and an Anode which stops them rapidly from positive charge.

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15
Q

What is thermionic emission?

A

When the filament in the cathode heats up and emits electrons.

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16
Q

When electrons strike anode, what is produced?

A

99% heat and 1% xrays.

17
Q

Name 3 types of scattering.

A

Classic Coherent, Photoelectric Effect, and Compton Scattering.

18
Q

Explain Classic Coherent.

A

An incoming xray photon strikes atom and is absorbed which excites atom, releasing another photon with SAME energy. No energy transfer to patient.

19
Q

Explain Photoelectric Effect.

A

Xray photon strikes INNER SHELL ELECTRON, creating ion pair. Energy is completely consumed causing greatest hazard to patient.

20
Q

Explain Compton scattering.

A

Incoming xray photon strikes OUTER SHELL ELECTRON, which deflects in another direction (scatter). Most occupational exposure happens here.

21
Q

CDRH stands for….

A

Center of Devices and Radiologic Health

22
Q

NCRP stands for…

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement.

23
Q

MPD stands for…

A

Max Permissible Dose, which no longer is in use.

24
Q

ADL stands for…

A

Affective Dose Limit, which is now in use because there is always a chance of biological effect.

25
Q

Dose Limits

A

Occupational worker: 50 mSv (5 rem) annually.
Public: 1/10 of worker so 5 mSv (.5 rem) annually.

To get Occ workers whole body dose: 10 mSv x age of worker.

26
Q

What is the difference between somatic cells and germ cells?

A

Somatic cells: (regular function 46 chromosomes divide through mitosis) Germ cells: reproductive cells 23 chromosomes reproduce through meiosis.

27
Q

Direct Hit Theory is when…

A

radiation hits DNA which can re-arrange genetic info.

28
Q

Indirect Hit Theory is when…

A

radiation hits cytoplasm, causing: ion pairs, excited state, chemical change. *This one is more likely to occur.

29
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau (B&T) theory says what?

A

Cells are most sensitive to radiation during active division, therefore cells that undergo division often are more sensitive.

30
Q

What are the 4 examples of radiosensitive cells?

A

Ball cells, Crypt cells, Germ cells, and Blood cells.

31
Q

Which cells do not undergo repeated mitosis and are therefore resistant to radiation?

A

Never cells, Muscle cells, and Brain cells.

32
Q

3 acute radiation syndromes:

A

Bone marrow: occur at doses 2-10 Gy leading to infection, hemorrhage, and anemia.
Gastrointestinal: doses 10-50 Gy leading to DNV
CNS: doses above 50 Gy leading to convulsions, coma, and eventually death.

33
Q

3 stages of acute radiation syndrome:

A

Prodromal: NVD
Latent: feeling of well-being.
Manifest: feeling full effect of exposure.. either leads to curing, or death.

34
Q

Late Effects:

A

Somatic effect: cataracts, cancer

Genetic effect: future generations affected

35
Q

Dose limits for pregnant tech:

A

Per month: .05 rem (.5mSv)
For entire pregnancy: .5 rem (5mSv)
*wear fetal badge

36
Q

OSL badge stands for…

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (reads between 1 mRem to 1000 rem)

37
Q

Film badges detect doses below…

A

10 mRem

38
Q

TLD…

A

thermo-luminescent dosmiter

39
Q

Pocket Dosimeters

A

have a metal electrode that’s positively charged, exposing it to radiation neutralizes electrode. Immediate reading is available.

Intro to Radiography (1 decks)

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