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Psych 341 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are holistic thinkers? What else are they referred to in terms of field dependence?

A
  • this refers to individuals
  • > who perceive a field as an integrated whole
  • > they have a hard time distinguishing objects from each other in a scene

-they are referred to as field dependent thinkers

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2
Q

What are analytical thinkers

A
  • this refers to individuals
  • > who perceive objects to be separate from each other

-they are referred to as field independent thinkers

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3
Q

What is the cultural difference in attention? How do Westerns source of attention differ from East Asians?

A

-East Asians attend to target objects in relation to the scene around them

  • Westerners attend to target objects and its attributes
  • > they ignore the context
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4
Q

How is field independence or dependence usually tested. Who does better in this task? Westerners or East Asians

A
  • it is usually tested with a Rod and Frame Task
  • > usually Westerners do better on this task
  • > they are able to ignore the context and just focus on the rod
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5
Q

What is another way to test field independence or dependence. Also describe this experiment and answer who would perform better. East Asians or Westerners.

A
  • you can use frame and line task
  • > where you conduct an absolute condition or a relative task condition
  • in absolute task
  • > you look at whether the length of the line has changed
  • > you ignore the frame
  • > east asians perform worse on this task
  • in the relative task
  • > you look at whether the length of the line has changed in relation to the frame
  • > Westerners perform worse on this task
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6
Q

Can you describe the wolf experiment where they presented a wolf in a winter background. Then they changed the background to a desert and asked if the wolf was still there. Describe in terms of East Asians and North Americans.

A
  • East Asians had issues identifying the wolf in the new background
  • > as they associated the wold previously with the winter background

-North Americans had no issues with identifying the wolf in the new background, as they don’t focus on context but the object itself

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7
Q

Describe the scenery of paintings from a North American perspective and an East Asian one. Also state whether it is from a bird’s eye view or from a linear perspective

A

For North Americans

  • > take the linear perspective
  • > objects in front of the image are the largest
  • > the horizon is in the lower part of the image

For East Asians

  • > take the bird’s eye view
  • > object’s in front are smaller
  • > horizon is at the highest point in the image
  • > also no shading from the East Asian perspective as there is no light illumination from above
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8
Q

How does the ratio of face to frame compare for East Asian and North American drawings and portraits?

A
  • for North Americans
  • > the ratio of the face to frame is very large
  • > as they focus on the size of the face
  • for East Asians
  • > the ratio of the face to frame is very small
  • > as they focus on the background
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9
Q

Which scenes are more complex? East Asians or North Americans. Provide examples

A
  • East Asians are more complex than North Americans

- >eg; more complex posters when it comes to multiple studies or more complex webpages

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10
Q

Describe the language relativity hypothesis and the individual who came up with it

A
  • this hypothesis just states that language influences thought
  • > Sapir and Whorf came up with this theory
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11
Q

What are weak and strong version of the language relativity hypothesis

A

Strong

  • > language determines thought
  • > without words, we cannot form thought
  • > this version has been rejected

Weak
->language influences thought

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12
Q

Are color terms around the world discrete or on a continuum

A
  • color itself exists along a continuum

- >but the color terms themselves are discrete

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13
Q

What colors do the Dani only distinguish between?

A

-they only distinguish between black and white

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14
Q

What are 11 basic colors that everybody in the world finds easy to perceive

A

-black, white, red, orange, blue, yellow, brown, purple, pink, gray, green

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15
Q

What is an example of the fact that language is independent of thought? Give an example regarding the Dani

A
  • even though the Dani can only distinguish between black and red
  • > they can still learn English colors

-this shows that just because that color is not in your vocabulary, doesn’t mean that you can’t learn it

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16
Q

What are examples of african tribes that language does affect thought

A

Berinmo and Himba

  • > both different languages that contain different color terms
  • > both got 5 color terms
  • > different terms for different color boundaries
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17
Q

Describe the color boundaries for green and blue in English, Himba and Berinmo

A
  • Berinmo
  • > Noi-Wor boundary
  • Himba
  • > Dumbu-Burou boundary
  • English
  • > green-blue boundary
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18
Q

How do Korean speakers differ from English speakers in terms of location of objects

A
  • Koreans also use the terms loose fit(kitta) and tight fit(mehta) to describe objects relations to space around it
  • English speakers just describe objects as being in something or on something
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19
Q

Is there evidence that language affects spatial thought? Give an example

A
  • language can affect spatial thought
  • > you can describe location in terms of egocentric spatial thought
  • > or you can describe direction in terms of cardinal spatial thought
  • for example, Dutch and English speakers use the egocentric spatial thought patterns
  • > Guugu use the cardinal spatial thought pattern
20
Q

How do Australian aboriginals Kuuk see time passing

A
  • they see time passing from east to west, like following the sun
  • > this is proof that time perception is affected by language as well
21
Q

Describe the Piraha numbering system

A
  • they can only count up to 2
  • > from there on, they just say many
  • > this is because their language does not account for more than the number 2
  • > so their thought pattern doesn’t either
  • they can understand magnitudes and when one number is bigger than the other
  • > they have rough quantity estimation skills
22
Q

Describe the Mundurucu numbering system

A

-their numbering system is based on logarithmic
numbers
->they learn numbers greater than three through cultural learning

23
Q

Are westerners likely to apply formal logic

A

-yes

24
Q

Describe the ideas of Aristotle and Conficius and how they saw objects exist. Whether this was in relation to other objects or whether objects simply existed by themselves.

A

Aristotle

  • > everything exists independently
  • > all objects have their own characteristics

Conficius

  • > shares idea that everything is interrelated
  • > all actions should be interpreted as a whole
25
Q

What is Ying and Yang as described by Lao Tsu

A
  • no good or bad things
  • > but just that 2 powers of influence exist at all times
  • > no matter how much you want to focus on one part, the other part will always be there
26
Q

What is naive metaphysics and what is it a result of

A
  • naive metaphysics are where you attend to
  • > do you attend to the target or do you attend to the context around the person
  • naive metaphysics is a result of social structure and social practices
  • > naïve metaphysics leads to epistemology(how people think or their thought patterns)
27
Q

What is implicit epistemology

A
  • this term just looks into our though patterns
  • > how we think
  • > it allows us to develop a mindset about how we understand the world
28
Q

Describe mindset differences between analytic thought and holistic thought

A

Analytic thought

  • > linear dependent
  • > linear-oriented change
  • > single causes
  • > rule-based judgment
  • > object-oriented interface
  • > internal attribution

Holistic thought

  • > dialectical thinking
  • > wave-oriented change
  • > multiple cause
  • > similarity-based judgement
  • > situation-oriented inference
  • > external attribution
29
Q

Describe an example of dialectical vs linear dependent thinking. Refer to someone choosing two statements.

A
  • if lenient to both statements, then you are more of a dialectical dependent thinker
  • if linear type of thinker, then you are more likely to choose one statement over the other
30
Q

What are the three laws of the linear-thinking model

A

1) The law of identity
- >eg; a student is a student

2) The law of non-contradiction
- >a student is not a non-student

3) The law of excluded middle
- >You must be a student or a non student, not both

31
Q

What are the three principles of the dialectical thinking

A

1) Principle of contradiction
2) Principle of change
3) Principle of relationship or holism

32
Q

What is doctrine of mean and what kind of thinking does it refer to

A
  • it means
  • > best way of understanding the world is to get the average and understand it holistically
  • > it refers to dialectical thinking
33
Q

Describe the experiment regarding the different approaches to contradiction regarding Americans and Chinese.

A
  • basically have a 9 point scale based on plausibility
  • first get a strong statement and both rated it to be plausible
  • second get a weak statement and both Americans and Chinese rated it negative
  • but when presented with negative and positive statements, Asians gave a similar rating of plausibility for both

-this suggests Asians take into consideration contradictions

34
Q

Describe the levels of self ambivalence based on the self esteem scale

A

From highest rank to lowest rank

1) Chinese
2) Asian Americans
3) Euro Americans
4) African Americans
5) Latins

  • note self ambivalence is the acceptance of positive and negative evaluations
  • > the higher the self ambivalence, the more contradictions that someone possesses
35
Q

Characteristics of Western thinking

A

include

  • > pursuit of single thinking
  • > presence of counter arguments
  • > preference for consistency
36
Q

Characteristics of Eastern thinking

A
  • little emphasis on counterarguments

- >emphasis on finding the middle way

37
Q

Describe cultural differences in prediction of change

A
  • Westerners are inclined to predict that the world will move in whatever direction it now moves
  • East Asians are likely to expect the world to REVERSE FIELD
38
Q

How does training in oriental medicine affect someone’s way of thinking

A
  • training in oriental medicine makes students think in a more holistic way
  • > so this shows that a way person thinks can be modified training
39
Q

Describe the difference between situational and dispositional attribution

A

Situational
->explain people’s situation by attending to contextual variables

Dispositional
->explain people’s situation by attending to their personal characteristics

40
Q

Describe a difference in fundamental attribution error in Asians and Americans. Describe the situation where the Americans know the situational factors and where the Asians know it as well.

A
  • if Asians are aware of the situational factors
  • > they are able to attenuate(fight back) against the fundamental attribution error
  • if Americans are aware of the situational factors
  • > they still continue to show a strong fundamental attribution error
41
Q

What is causal attribution

A
  • way of social cognition

- >link one or more causes to an instance of behavior

42
Q

Describe how americans describe an attribution in comparison to the Chinese

A
  • Americans tend to describe an event through dispositional attribution or personal attribution
  • Chinese tend to describe an even through situational attribution
43
Q

How do 8, 11, and 15 year olds differ in terms of their attributions. Also describe adults as well. This was a study done on Indians and American children.

A
  • overall. the younger you are, the more dispositional attribution you use
  • > this is true for both countries
  • when they get to about 15 years old
  • > then differences arise in the types of attribution between the two countries
  • when populations grow up
  • > then Indians use more situational attribution
  • > Americans use more personal attribution
44
Q

Describe the hypothetical murder case experiment with the psychology majors, premedical majors and the medical majors. What was the major finding in this experiment.

A
  • participants were given a hypothetical murder case involving a grad student
  • they were given a list of 97 items that could be factors
  • psych majors excluded the most items and narrowed it down
  • premed students were more open to oriental way of thinking and did not exclude as many items
  • med students were highly exposed to oriental way of thinking
  • > so they were more likely to keep items than exclude

-Note, the more holistic you are, the less likely you are to exclude an item

45
Q

Describe difference between rule based categorization and similarity based categorization

A
  • rule based categorization refers to the fact that individuals apply abstract rules to solve problems
  • similarity based categorization refers to the fact that individuals look for similarities or temporal relations to solve problems

Psych 341 (3 decks)

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