Chapter 9 Flashcards
What are holistic thinkers? What else are they referred to in terms of field dependence?
- this refers to individuals
- > who perceive a field as an integrated whole
- > they have a hard time distinguishing objects from each other in a scene
-they are referred to as field dependent thinkers
What are analytical thinkers
- this refers to individuals
- > who perceive objects to be separate from each other
-they are referred to as field independent thinkers
What is the cultural difference in attention? How do Westerns source of attention differ from East Asians?
-East Asians attend to target objects in relation to the scene around them
- Westerners attend to target objects and its attributes
- > they ignore the context
How is field independence or dependence usually tested. Who does better in this task? Westerners or East Asians
- it is usually tested with a Rod and Frame Task
- > usually Westerners do better on this task
- > they are able to ignore the context and just focus on the rod
What is another way to test field independence or dependence. Also describe this experiment and answer who would perform better. East Asians or Westerners.
- you can use frame and line task
- > where you conduct an absolute condition or a relative task condition
- in absolute task
- > you look at whether the length of the line has changed
- > you ignore the frame
- > east asians perform worse on this task
- in the relative task
- > you look at whether the length of the line has changed in relation to the frame
- > Westerners perform worse on this task
Can you describe the wolf experiment where they presented a wolf in a winter background. Then they changed the background to a desert and asked if the wolf was still there. Describe in terms of East Asians and North Americans.
- East Asians had issues identifying the wolf in the new background
- > as they associated the wold previously with the winter background
-North Americans had no issues with identifying the wolf in the new background, as they don’t focus on context but the object itself
Describe the scenery of paintings from a North American perspective and an East Asian one. Also state whether it is from a bird’s eye view or from a linear perspective
For North Americans
- > take the linear perspective
- > objects in front of the image are the largest
- > the horizon is in the lower part of the image
For East Asians
- > take the bird’s eye view
- > object’s in front are smaller
- > horizon is at the highest point in the image
- > also no shading from the East Asian perspective as there is no light illumination from above
How does the ratio of face to frame compare for East Asian and North American drawings and portraits?
- for North Americans
- > the ratio of the face to frame is very large
- > as they focus on the size of the face
- for East Asians
- > the ratio of the face to frame is very small
- > as they focus on the background
Which scenes are more complex? East Asians or North Americans. Provide examples
- East Asians are more complex than North Americans
- >eg; more complex posters when it comes to multiple studies or more complex webpages
Describe the language relativity hypothesis and the individual who came up with it
- this hypothesis just states that language influences thought
- > Sapir and Whorf came up with this theory
What are weak and strong version of the language relativity hypothesis
Strong
- > language determines thought
- > without words, we cannot form thought
- > this version has been rejected
Weak
->language influences thought
Are color terms around the world discrete or on a continuum
- color itself exists along a continuum
- >but the color terms themselves are discrete
What colors do the Dani only distinguish between?
-they only distinguish between black and white
What are 11 basic colors that everybody in the world finds easy to perceive
-black, white, red, orange, blue, yellow, brown, purple, pink, gray, green
What is an example of the fact that language is independent of thought? Give an example regarding the Dani
- even though the Dani can only distinguish between black and red
- > they can still learn English colors
-this shows that just because that color is not in your vocabulary, doesn’t mean that you can’t learn it
What are examples of african tribes that language does affect thought
Berinmo and Himba
- > both different languages that contain different color terms
- > both got 5 color terms
- > different terms for different color boundaries
Describe the color boundaries for green and blue in English, Himba and Berinmo
- Berinmo
- > Noi-Wor boundary
- Himba
- > Dumbu-Burou boundary
- English
- > green-blue boundary
How do Korean speakers differ from English speakers in terms of location of objects
- Koreans also use the terms loose fit(kitta) and tight fit(mehta) to describe objects relations to space around it
- English speakers just describe objects as being in something or on something
Is there evidence that language affects spatial thought? Give an example
- language can affect spatial thought
- > you can describe location in terms of egocentric spatial thought
- > or you can describe direction in terms of cardinal spatial thought
- for example, Dutch and English speakers use the egocentric spatial thought patterns
- > Guugu use the cardinal spatial thought pattern
How do Australian aboriginals Kuuk see time passing
- they see time passing from east to west, like following the sun
- > this is proof that time perception is affected by language as well
Describe the Piraha numbering system
- they can only count up to 2
- > from there on, they just say many
- > this is because their language does not account for more than the number 2
- > so their thought pattern doesn’t either
- they can understand magnitudes and when one number is bigger than the other
- > they have rough quantity estimation skills
Describe the Mundurucu numbering system
-their numbering system is based on logarithmic
numbers
->they learn numbers greater than three through cultural learning
Are westerners likely to apply formal logic
-yes
Describe the ideas of Aristotle and Conficius and how they saw objects exist. Whether this was in relation to other objects or whether objects simply existed by themselves.
Aristotle
- > everything exists independently
- > all objects have their own characteristics
Conficius
- > shares idea that everything is interrelated
- > all actions should be interpreted as a whole
What is Ying and Yang as described by Lao Tsu
- no good or bad things
- > but just that 2 powers of influence exist at all times
- > no matter how much you want to focus on one part, the other part will always be there
What is naive metaphysics and what is it a result of
- naive metaphysics are where you attend to
- > do you attend to the target or do you attend to the context around the person
- naive metaphysics is a result of social structure and social practices
- > naïve metaphysics leads to epistemology(how people think or their thought patterns)
What is implicit epistemology
- this term just looks into our though patterns
- > how we think
- > it allows us to develop a mindset about how we understand the world
Describe mindset differences between analytic thought and holistic thought
Analytic thought
- > linear dependent
- > linear-oriented change
- > single causes
- > rule-based judgment
- > object-oriented interface
- > internal attribution
Holistic thought
- > dialectical thinking
- > wave-oriented change
- > multiple cause
- > similarity-based judgement
- > situation-oriented inference
- > external attribution
Describe an example of dialectical vs linear dependent thinking. Refer to someone choosing two statements.
- if lenient to both statements, then you are more of a dialectical dependent thinker
- if linear type of thinker, then you are more likely to choose one statement over the other
What are the three laws of the linear-thinking model
1) The law of identity
- >eg; a student is a student
2) The law of non-contradiction
- >a student is not a non-student
3) The law of excluded middle
- >You must be a student or a non student, not both
What are the three principles of the dialectical thinking
1) Principle of contradiction
2) Principle of change
3) Principle of relationship or holism
What is doctrine of mean and what kind of thinking does it refer to
- it means
- > best way of understanding the world is to get the average and understand it holistically
- > it refers to dialectical thinking
Describe the experiment regarding the different approaches to contradiction regarding Americans and Chinese.
- basically have a 9 point scale based on plausibility
- first get a strong statement and both rated it to be plausible
- second get a weak statement and both Americans and Chinese rated it negative
- but when presented with negative and positive statements, Asians gave a similar rating of plausibility for both
-this suggests Asians take into consideration contradictions
Describe the levels of self ambivalence based on the self esteem scale
From highest rank to lowest rank
1) Chinese
2) Asian Americans
3) Euro Americans
4) African Americans
5) Latins
- note self ambivalence is the acceptance of positive and negative evaluations
- > the higher the self ambivalence, the more contradictions that someone possesses
Characteristics of Western thinking
include
- > pursuit of single thinking
- > presence of counter arguments
- > preference for consistency
Characteristics of Eastern thinking
- little emphasis on counterarguments
- >emphasis on finding the middle way
Describe cultural differences in prediction of change
- Westerners are inclined to predict that the world will move in whatever direction it now moves
- East Asians are likely to expect the world to REVERSE FIELD
How does training in oriental medicine affect someone’s way of thinking
- training in oriental medicine makes students think in a more holistic way
- > so this shows that a way person thinks can be modified training
Describe the difference between situational and dispositional attribution
Situational
->explain people’s situation by attending to contextual variables
Dispositional
->explain people’s situation by attending to their personal characteristics
Describe a difference in fundamental attribution error in Asians and Americans. Describe the situation where the Americans know the situational factors and where the Asians know it as well.
- if Asians are aware of the situational factors
- > they are able to attenuate(fight back) against the fundamental attribution error
- if Americans are aware of the situational factors
- > they still continue to show a strong fundamental attribution error
What is causal attribution
- way of social cognition
- >link one or more causes to an instance of behavior
Describe how americans describe an attribution in comparison to the Chinese
- Americans tend to describe an event through dispositional attribution or personal attribution
- Chinese tend to describe an even through situational attribution
How do 8, 11, and 15 year olds differ in terms of their attributions. Also describe adults as well. This was a study done on Indians and American children.
- overall. the younger you are, the more dispositional attribution you use
- > this is true for both countries
- when they get to about 15 years old
- > then differences arise in the types of attribution between the two countries
- when populations grow up
- > then Indians use more situational attribution
- > Americans use more personal attribution
Describe the hypothetical murder case experiment with the psychology majors, premedical majors and the medical majors. What was the major finding in this experiment.
- participants were given a hypothetical murder case involving a grad student
- they were given a list of 97 items that could be factors
- psych majors excluded the most items and narrowed it down
- premed students were more open to oriental way of thinking and did not exclude as many items
- med students were highly exposed to oriental way of thinking
- > so they were more likely to keep items than exclude
-Note, the more holistic you are, the less likely you are to exclude an item
Describe difference between rule based categorization and similarity based categorization
- rule based categorization refers to the fact that individuals apply abstract rules to solve problems
- similarity based categorization refers to the fact that individuals look for similarities or temporal relations to solve problems
