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Molecular Genetics > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Horizontal Gene Transfer?

A

genes passed between individual members of a different species through non-reproductive mechanisms

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2
Q

How does DNA travel in bacteria?

A

unidirectional, with no complete diploid stage forms

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3
Q

Traits of bacterial genome

A

extra chromosome, small, circular

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4
Q

What are the three ways that bacteria receive genetic material?

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

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5
Q

What is the plasmid?

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements that are capable of autonomous replication

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6
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

unidirectional transfer of genetic material between donor and recipient bacteria cells via direct contact

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7
Q

What are transconjugants?

A

recipients containing donor DNA

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8
Q

What are Hfr cells (high-frequency cells)?

A

donor cells with F factor integrated into the donor bacterial chromosome

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9
Q

What are F’ cells?

A

cells that contain F plasmid that carry some bacterial genes

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10
Q

What are Merozygotes?

A

partial diploid bacterial cells containing F plasmid carrying some bacterial genes

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11
Q

How does antibiotic resistance come about?

A

the action of genes located on R plasmids that can be transferred naturally

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12
Q

What is transformation?

A

a bacterium takes up DNA from the medium

recombination takes place between introduced genes and the bacterial chromosome

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13
Q

What are transformants?

A

cells that receive genetic material

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14
Q

What are competent cells?

A

cells that take up DNA

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15
Q

Definition of cotransformed

A

cells that are transformed by two or more genes

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16
Q

What is the Competence Factor?

A

when some bacteria take up DNA, a particular time in their growth cycle when they produce a specific protein called the competence factor

17
Q

Traits of Transduction

A

bacteriophage (bacterial viruses) carry DNA from one bacterium to another

Usually occurs between bacteria of the same or closely related species

18
Q

Traits of virulent phages

A

reproduce through lytic cycle, always kill host cell

19
Q

Temperate Phages

A

inactive prophage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosomes

20
Q

What is the Lytic Cycle?

A

phage multiply within the host cell, and release progeny phage

21
Q

What is the Lysogenic Cycle?

A

Phage either multiply via the lytic cycle or in a quiescent state in the bacterial cell

22
Q

What do bacteriophages transfer to bacteria?

A

genes (T2, 4, 5, 6, 7)

23
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

RNA viruses that have been integrated into the host genome (HIV and AIDS)

24
Q

What is Reverse Transcriptase?

A

synthesizing DNA from RNA or DNA template

Molecular Genetics (5 decks)

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