chapter 9

Question 1

Angelican

Answer 1

Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures.

Question 2

95 Theses

Answer 2

The 95 Theses, a document written by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences.

Question 3

Counter Reformation

Answer 3

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years’ War (1648).

Question 4

Zwingli an

Answer 4

Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. In 1518, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster in Zurich where he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church.

Question 5

Ignatius of Loyola

Answer 5

Saint Ignatius of Loyola, (October 23, 1491– July 31, 1556) was a Spanish priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General.

Question 6

Council of Trent

Answer 6

The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church’s most important ecumenical councils.[1] Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Question 7

Jesuits

Answer 7

Jesuit, member of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works, once regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation, and later a leading force in modernizing the church.

Question 8

City-State

Answer 8

A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City.

Question 9

Scientific Revolution

Answer 9

The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

Question 10

Heliocentic Theory

Answer 10

Heliocentrism, or Heliocentric Theory is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

Question 11

Roger Bacon

Answer 11

Roger Bacon, OFM, also Frater Rogerus, “Brother Roger”;  (1219/20 – c. 1292), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis (Latin for “wondrous doctor”), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods.

Question 12

Copernicus

Answer 12

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, possibly independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model before Copernicus.

Question 13

Kepler

Answer 13

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy.

Question 14

Galileo

Answer 14

Galileo Galilei (February 1564– 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath: astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician, he played a major role in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

Question 15

Scientific Method

Answer 15

The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

Question 16

Newton

Answer 16

Sir Isaac Newton FRS was an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a “natural philosopher”) who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

Question 17

Vesalius

Answer 17

Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.

Question 18

Descartes

Answer 18

René Descartes (March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Dubbed the father of modern western philosophy, much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. He spent about 20 years of his life in the Dutch Republic.

Question 19

Robert Boyle

Answer 19

Robert William Boyle FRS (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor born in Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method.