Chapter 9 Flashcards
Internal representation
Mental expression of a problem or situation
Concept
Generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events
Concept formation
Process of classifying information into meaningful categories
Semantics
Study of meanings in language and words
Phonemes
Basic speech sounds of a language
Morphemes
Speech sounds collected into meaningful units, like syllables or words
Grammar
Set of rules for making sounds into words and words into sentences
Syntax
Rules for word order in sentences
Transformation rules
Rules that allow us to change a declarative sentence into other voices (passive,active) or forms
ASL
Language used by deaf and hearing-impaired people
Insight
Sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious
Insight involves 3 abilities
Selective encoding, selective combination ,selective comparison
Selective encoding
Selecting information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions
Selective combination
Connecting seemingly unrelated bits of useful information
Selective comparison
Comparing new problems with old information or with problems already solved ( strenberg & Davidson,1982)
Creative thinking
Inductive,deductive,logical,& illogical thoughts
Inductive thought
Going from specific facts or observations to general principles
Deductive thought
Going from general principles to specific situations
Logical thought
Going from given information to new conclusions based on explicit rules
Illogical thought
Thought that is intuitive,associative , or personal
Stages of creative thought
Orientation, preparation , incubation , illumination , verification
Orientation
Defining the problem
Preparation
Gaining as much information as possible
Incubation
The problem, while not appearing to be actively worked on, is still “cooking” in the background
Illumination
The “ a-ha” experience , rapid insight into the situation
Verification
Testing and critically evaluating the solution
Intelligence
Global capacity to act purposefully, thing rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
G-factor
General ability factor, or core general intelligence that involves reasoning, problem-solving ability, knowledge , memory , and successful adaptation to ones surroundings
What’s are the two ages ?
Chronological age and mental age
Chronological age
Persons age in years
Mental age
Average intellectual performance
Intelligence quotient ( IQ )
Intelligence index, mental age divided by chronological age , the multiplied by 100
Average IQ
In the USA is 100
IQ ranges
Normal(bell-shaped) curve , giftedness , intellectual disability , familial intellectual disability , organic
Normal(bell-shaped) curve
Most scores fall to the average, and very few are found at the extremes
Giftedness
Having a high IQ(130+) or special talents or abilities
Intellectual disability
Presence of a developmental disability and an IQ score below 70 (impairment in basic skills such as dressing,eating, working , hygiene , necessary for self-care )
Familial intellectual disability
Mild intellectual disability that occurs in homes that have inadequate nutrition, intellectual stimulation , medical care , and emotional support
Organic(physical) causes of intellectual disability
Birth injuries: lack of oxygen during delivery
Fetal damage: prenatal damage from diseases, infection, or drug use
Metabolic disorder
Genetic abnormalities
Cognition
Mentally processing information (images,concept,etc.)thinking
