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microbiology chapter 9 dna > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

where information is used to make a protein

A

translation

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2
Q

If a microorganism bears a mutation it is called a ______ ________

A

mutant strain

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3
Q

where genetic information is carried __________

A

genes

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4
Q

all of the organisms genes (cook book) ____________

A

genome

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5
Q

Translation is found in ____

A

RNA

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6
Q

a microorganism that exhibits a natural nonmutated characteristic is ________

A

wild type

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7
Q

they produce proteins required by the cell for its day to day activites

A

house keeping genes

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8
Q

also complementary copies of specific regions of DNA however they differ from mRNA

A

transfer RNAS

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9
Q

to use the info in the cookbook a cell copies the recipes into the messenger RNA called _____________

A

transcripiton

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10
Q

The genome of E coli has __________ and the DNA containing them is not 1mm long

A

4228

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11
Q

Each unit is called a ________ and there is a short length of DNA between them

A

nucleosome

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12
Q

bases occur in two ring structure A and G called _________ or a single strand ___________ T and C

A

purines and pyrimidines

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13
Q

sugar and phosphates are the backbone of the ___________

A

molecule

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14
Q

The ____________ is also used to make a protein

A

cook book

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15
Q

The ________ contains all the recipes a cell needs to be a cell

A

cook book

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16
Q

a ribosome can read the message carried from the ______ by the mRNA and translate it to a protein by chemically attracting __________carrying the correct amino acid and acting like an enzyme catalyzing peptide btw amino acids forming a chain and eventually synthesize a protein

A

gene, tRNA

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17
Q

the process of the sequence of nucleotides in a gene providing the info to synthesize a protein ____________

A

gene expression

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18
Q

____________ proposed something he called central dogma

A

francis crick

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19
Q

All that DNA _________ does is maintain the genetic info of an organism from generation to generation to generation

A

replication

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20
Q

during ___________ a RNA molecule is synthesized using the codes on DNA as a template or a guide

A

transcription

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21
Q

the bottom loop of the cloverleaf exposes a triplet ____________ that both designates the specifity of the RNA and complements mRNA codons

A

anticodons

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22
Q

transcription, proceeds in three stages

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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23
Q

for each ________ amino acids there is at least one specialized type of tRNA to carry it

A

20

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24
Q

_______ is a single stranded molecule that can assume secondary and tertiary levels of complexity to bond with the molecule to specialize forms of RNA

A

RNA

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25
carries the DNA master code to the ribosome
messenger RNA
26
primes DNA
primer
27
forms the major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis
ribosomal RNA
28
brings amino acid to ribosome during translation ___________
transfer .rna
29
series of triplets __________
codons
30
the sugar in RNA is ________ instead of deoxyribose
ribose
31
RNA contains
uracil
32
the DNA cannot perform cell processes directly instead its info is conveyed to ____________ molecules which carry out the instruction it contains
RNA
33
two helical strands of nucleotides that are joined by hydrogen bonds between complemenatry bases
double helix
34
basic unit of DNA structure is ______ _______ ________
phosphate deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen base
35
______________ proposed something he called central dogma of microbiology
fransis crick
36
the sequence of bases along the length of DNA that constitutes its language for this language to be preserved for hundreds of generations the codes it contains will be duplicated with high fidelity
DNA replication
37
uncoiling unzipping and synthesising are part of what process
replication
38
place where replication will be initiated
origin of replication
39
__________ can read the message carried from the gene by mRNA and transfer it to a protein by chemically attracting tRNA's carrying the correct amino acids an acting like an enzyme catalyizing peptide bonds between amino acids forming a chain and eventually synthesizing a protein
ribosome
40
5 to 3 sequence will occur until it reaches a termination sequence at the end of a gene template
transcription
41
carries the DNA master code to the ribosome
messenger RNA
42
brings amino acids to ribosome during translation
transfer RNA
43
forms major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis
ribosomal RNA
44
the manner of synthesis produces short fragments of DNA (100 to 1000) bases long on the side of the lagging strand
okazaki fragments
45
bc DNA polymerase III can only synthesize new DNA in 5 to 3 direction just one strand
leading strand
46
the other strand which is oriented 3 to 4 with respect of polymerase
lagging strand
47
at another location on the chromosome there is a gene called ______that codes for a protein called ___________ that will sit on the sequence called the ___________ upstream of the structural genes
regulator, repressor and operator
48
lactose is a sugar that can be used by ecoli as a carbon/energy source in order to break down lactose and metabolize it e coli needs 3 enzymes but these enzymes are turned off (regulated) the genes of those enzymes are lined up end to end on bacterial chromosome
lactose operon
49
a section of bacterial DNA that contains several structures genes (that code for enzymes) transcribed and beginning at a single promotor plus a gene that will control transcription
operon
50
when some are synthesized all the time and kept a fixed concentration they are referred to as
consitituve enzymes
51
synthesizes a RNA primer
primase
52
unzips the DNA helix
helicase
53
bacteria that have other _________ gene expression mechanisms
efficiancy
54
at the completion of transcription an mRNA is synthesized and carries the __________ info from the gene in the form of a code
protein building
55
during ____________ this tells the ribosome what amino acids (and in what order) the gene would like in its proteins
translation
56
involves an enzyme that feel for mistakes along the chromosome
exicison repair
57
_____________ ___________ studied streptococcus pneumoniae
fredrick griffith
58
a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur without a known cause
spontaneous mutation
59
result from exposure to known mutagens
induced mutations
60
which primarily physical or chemical agents that damage DNA and interfere with its funcitoning
mutagens
61
any change in the code that leads to placement of a different amino acid
missense mutation
62
alters a base but does not change the amino acid and thus has no effect
silent mutation
63
the end result from which is a new strain different from both the donor and the original recipent strain
recombination
64
requires the attachment of two related species and the formation of a bridge that can transport DNA
conjugation
65
entails the transfer of naked DNA and requires no special vehicle
transformation
66
involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division
tranformation
67
____________ can give rise to changes in an organism visible traits or phenotype
mutation

microbiology chapter 9 dna (1 decks)

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