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microbiology chapter 9 dna > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where information is used to make a protein

A

translation

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2
Q

If a microorganism bears a mutation it is called a ______ ________

A

mutant strain

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3
Q

where genetic information is carried __________

A

genes

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4
Q

all of the organisms genes (cook book) ____________

A

genome

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5
Q

Translation is found in ____

A

RNA

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6
Q

a microorganism that exhibits a natural nonmutated characteristic is ________

A

wild type

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7
Q

they produce proteins required by the cell for its day to day activites

A

house keeping genes

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8
Q

also complementary copies of specific regions of DNA however they differ from mRNA

A

transfer RNAS

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9
Q

to use the info in the cookbook a cell copies the recipes into the messenger RNA called _____________

A

transcripiton

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10
Q

The genome of E coli has __________ and the DNA containing them is not 1mm long

A

4228

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11
Q

Each unit is called a ________ and there is a short length of DNA between them

A

nucleosome

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12
Q

bases occur in two ring structure A and G called _________ or a single strand ___________ T and C

A

purines and pyrimidines

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13
Q

sugar and phosphates are the backbone of the ___________

A

molecule

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14
Q

The ____________ is also used to make a protein

A

cook book

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15
Q

The ________ contains all the recipes a cell needs to be a cell

A

cook book

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16
Q

a ribosome can read the message carried from the ______ by the mRNA and translate it to a protein by chemically attracting __________carrying the correct amino acid and acting like an enzyme catalyzing peptide btw amino acids forming a chain and eventually synthesize a protein

A

gene, tRNA

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17
Q

the process of the sequence of nucleotides in a gene providing the info to synthesize a protein ____________

A

gene expression

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18
Q

____________ proposed something he called central dogma

A

francis crick

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19
Q

All that DNA _________ does is maintain the genetic info of an organism from generation to generation to generation

A

replication

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20
Q

during ___________ a RNA molecule is synthesized using the codes on DNA as a template or a guide

A

transcription

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21
Q

the bottom loop of the cloverleaf exposes a triplet ____________ that both designates the specifity of the RNA and complements mRNA codons

A

anticodons

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22
Q

transcription, proceeds in three stages

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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23
Q

for each ________ amino acids there is at least one specialized type of tRNA to carry it

A

20

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24
Q

_______ is a single stranded molecule that can assume secondary and tertiary levels of complexity to bond with the molecule to specialize forms of RNA

A

RNA

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25
Q

carries the DNA master code to the ribosome

A

messenger RNA

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26
Q

primes DNA

A

primer

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27
Q

forms the major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

A

ribosomal RNA

28
Q

brings amino acid to ribosome during translation ___________

A

transfer .rna

29
Q

series of triplets __________

A

codons

30
Q

the sugar in RNA is ________ instead of deoxyribose

A

ribose

31
Q

RNA contains

A

uracil

32
Q

the DNA cannot perform cell processes directly instead its info is conveyed to ____________ molecules which carry out the instruction it contains

A

RNA

33
Q

two helical strands of nucleotides that are joined by hydrogen bonds between complemenatry bases

A

double helix

34
Q

basic unit of DNA structure is ______ _______ ________

A

phosphate deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen base

35
Q

______________ proposed something he called central dogma of microbiology

A

fransis crick

36
Q

the sequence of bases along the length of DNA that constitutes its language for this language to be preserved for hundreds of generations the codes it contains will be duplicated with high fidelity

A

DNA replication

37
Q

uncoiling unzipping and synthesising are part of what process

A

replication

38
Q

place where replication will be initiated

A

origin of replication

39
Q

__________ can read the message carried from the gene by mRNA and transfer it to a protein by chemically attracting tRNA’s carrying the correct amino acids an acting like an enzyme catalyizing peptide bonds between amino acids forming a chain and eventually synthesizing a protein

A

ribosome

40
Q

5 to 3 sequence will occur until it reaches a termination sequence at the end of a gene template

A

transcription

41
Q

carries the DNA master code to the ribosome

A

messenger RNA

42
Q

brings amino acids to ribosome during translation

A

transfer RNA

43
Q

forms major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

A

ribosomal RNA

44
Q

the manner of synthesis produces short fragments of DNA (100 to 1000) bases long on the side of the lagging strand

A

okazaki fragments

45
Q

bc DNA polymerase III can only synthesize new DNA in 5 to 3 direction just one strand

A

leading strand

46
Q

the other strand which is oriented 3 to 4 with respect of polymerase

A

lagging strand

47
Q

at another location on the chromosome there is a gene called ______that codes for a protein called ___________ that will sit on the sequence called the ___________ upstream of the structural genes

A

regulator, repressor and operator

48
Q

lactose is a sugar that can be used by ecoli as a carbon/energy source in order to break down lactose and metabolize it e coli needs 3 enzymes but these enzymes are turned off (regulated) the genes of those enzymes are lined up end to end on bacterial chromosome

A

lactose operon

49
Q

a section of bacterial DNA that contains several structures genes (that code for enzymes) transcribed and beginning at a single promotor plus a gene that will control transcription

A

operon

50
Q

when some are synthesized all the time and kept a fixed concentration they are referred to as

A

consitituve enzymes

51
Q

synthesizes a RNA primer

A

primase

52
Q

unzips the DNA helix

A

helicase

53
Q

bacteria that have other _________ gene expression mechanisms

A

efficiancy

54
Q

at the completion of transcription an mRNA is synthesized and carries the __________ info from the gene in the form of a code

A

protein building

55
Q

during ____________ this tells the ribosome what amino acids (and in what order) the gene would like in its proteins

A

translation

56
Q

involves an enzyme that feel for mistakes along the chromosome

A

exicison repair

57
Q

_____________ ___________ studied streptococcus pneumoniae

A

fredrick griffith

58
Q

a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur without a known cause

A

spontaneous mutation

59
Q

result from exposure to known mutagens

A

induced mutations

60
Q

which primarily physical or chemical agents that damage DNA and interfere with its funcitoning

A

mutagens

61
Q

any change in the code that leads to placement of a different amino acid

A

missense mutation

62
Q

alters a base but does not change the amino acid and thus has no effect

A

silent mutation

63
Q

the end result from which is a new strain different from both the donor and the original recipent strain

A

recombination

64
Q

requires the attachment of two related species and the formation of a bridge that can transport DNA

A

conjugation

65
Q

entails the transfer of naked DNA and requires no special vehicle

A

transformation

66
Q

involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division

A

tranformation

67
Q

____________ can give rise to changes in an organism visible traits or phenotype

A

mutation

microbiology chapter 9 dna (1 decks)

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