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AP Huge Development > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define development

A

The process of improving the material conditions through diffusion of knowledge and technology

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2
Q

Define MDC

A

A country that has progressed further along the development continuum

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3
Q

Define LDC

A

A country that has made some progress toward development

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4
Q

What are the three things that the UN takes into consideration when determining a country’s level of development?

A
  1. A decent standard of living 2. A long and healthy life 3. Access to knowledge
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5
Q

What is Gross National Income (GNI)

A

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including $ that leaves and enters the country

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6
Q

What is the annual per capita (per person) GNI in an MDC? Wb LDC?

A

MDC: $34,000 LDC: $7,000

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7
Q

What does this statement mean?: “Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution”

A

If only a few people receive much of the GNI, then the standard of living for the majority may be lower than the average figure implies.

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8
Q

What jobs are in the primary sector?

A

Jobs that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture. Ex: Mining, fishing, forestry

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9
Q

What type of jobs are in the secondary sector?

A

Jobs that manufacture raw materials into useful products. Ex. Factory workers

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10
Q

What type of jobs are in the tertiary sector?

A

Provision of goods and services to people in exchange for $. Ex: Retailing, banking, law, gov., education

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11
Q

How is the % of workers in agriculture different in LDC’s and MDC’s?

A

LDC’s: Higher % of agricultural workers because the country is not as advanced as an MDC MDC: Lower % of agricultural workers because more people are educated and getting jobs that deal with technology

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12
Q

Within MDC’s, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors?

A
  • Primary: Decreased in LDC’s and MDC’S
  • Secondary: Decreased sharply in MDC’s, less than LDC’s, increase in LDC’s
  • Tertiary: Increasing in MDC’s, decreasing in LDC’s
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13
Q

Define productivity

A

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of raw materials and energy

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14
Q

Define Value Added

A

The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

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15
Q

What three “consumer goods” are considered to be particularly good indicators of development?

A
  1. Motor vehicles 2. Telephones 3. Computers
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16
Q

What is the ratio of people to these types of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC?

A

Cars; MDC- 630:1000, LDC- 80:1000 Phones; MDC- 1100:1000, LDC- 700:1000 Computers; MDC- 700:1000, LDC- 200:1000

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17
Q

The people in LDC’s who do have access to consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions?

A

Urban areas

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18
Q

Compare life expectancy in MDC’s and LDC’S

A

MDC- 80 LDC- 68

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19
Q

Compare infant mortality in MDC’s and LDC’s

A

LDC- 94% survive, 6% die MDC- more than 99.5% survive, fewer than 1/2 of 1% die

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20
Q

Define Pupil/teacher ratio

A

The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction- how many students per teacher

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21
Q

Define Literacy rate

A

The % of a country’s people who can read and write.

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22
Q

What is the literacy rate in MDC’s and LDC’s?

A

MDC- exceeds 99%, LDC- East Asia+ Latin America: exceeds 90%, less than 70% in Sub, Saharan Africa+ South Asia

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23
Q

Give examples of regions where there are variations in levels of development

A

Southwest Asia, North Africa, and in Central Asia, much of SW asia- desert that supports only little life, petroleum and oil are the main economic assets

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24
Q

Give examples of countries with varying levels of development, Explain why

A

Brazil, China, Mexico. Brazil: Wealth is highest in Atlantic Coast, lowest in the Amazon. China: Wealth is highest along East coast, lowest in mountain+ desert env. Mexico: Wealth is high in the region bordering the U.S. and in tourist region; Yucatan Peninsula

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25
Q

Define Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

A major of the extent of each country’s gender inequality *want low GII b/c that means there is more equality

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26
Q

The GII considers what three areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries?

A
  1. Empowerment
  2. Reproductive health
  3. Labor
27
Q

Where are the highest GII’s?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia

28
Q

Where are GII’s the lowest?

A

Europe, developed countries

29
Q

Explain Empowerment

A

The ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status- to achieve economic+political power

30
Q

What two indicators are measured to calculate the empowerment dimension of the GII?

A
  1. The % of seats held by women in the national legislature
  2. The % of women who have completed high school
31
Q

What is the Female Labor Force Participation Rate?

A

The % of women holding full-time jobs outisde the home

32
Q

What regions see the highest numbers of women in the national legislature

  • What is that percentage?
  • What is the percentage in the U.S.?
A

Europe- Western Europe, Australia, China and South America

  • 20% or above
  • 10-19%
33
Q

Why does the UN include reproductive health as a contributor to GII?

A

In countries where effective control of reproduction is universal, women have fewer children, and maternal+child health are improved.

34
Q

What has been the trend in gender inequality since the 1990s?

A

It has declined in most countries

35
Q

Where does the US rank in GII? Explain why.

A
  • 47 b/c reproductive rights are much lower in the U.S. The % of women in the national legislature is much lower than men.
  • Women Senators- 17:100
  • Women Representatives- 74:435
36
Q

Define supply

A

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale

37
Q

Define demand

A

The quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy

38
Q

What are the three principle types of consumption of coal, petroleum, and natural gas?

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Business
  3. Home
39
Q

Explain the three ways potential reserves can become proven reserves

A
  1. Undiscovered fields
  2. Enhanced recovery from already discovered fields
  3. Unconventional sources
40
Q

What is OPEC?

A

An organization formed to enable oil-rich developing countries to gain more control over their resource

41
Q

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source.

A

Adv: Large amt. of energy is released from a small amt. of material, provides alot of usable energy for multiple uses

Dis: Possible accidents, radioactive waste is poisonous, possible steam explosions

42
Q

Which of the two models for development has shown the most success?

A

International Trade Approach

43
Q

True or False: The WTO was formed by countries that conduct the majority of international trade.

A

True

44
Q

True or False: The WTO seeks to increase import quotas and reduce import and export tariffs

A

False

45
Q

True or False: The WTO seeks to eliminate restrictions on the flow of money between countries

A

True

46
Q

True or False: Though it can hear accusations, the WTO cannot order remedies

A

False, (it can)

47
Q

Why have Progressives been critical of the WTO?

A

The WTO is anti-democratic b/c decisions made behind closed doors promote the interests of large corps. rather than poor people

48
Q

Why have the Conservative group been critical of the WTO?

A

Comprises power+sovereignty of countries b/c it can order changes in taxes+laws considered unfair

49
Q

Define Foreign Direct Investment

A

Investment made by the foreign company in the economy of another country

50
Q

What is a transnational corporation?

A

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries. Ex. Nike

51
Q

In what regions are most transnational corporations headquartered?

A

Developed countries, U.S. and Europe

52
Q

Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs

A
  1. World bank
  2. International Monetary fund
53
Q

What is the theory behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs?

A

These loans help reform public administration, legal institutions, develop+strengthen financial institutions, transportation

54
Q

In reality, what has usually happened when loans have been used for these infrastructure projects?

A

Projects dont function as intended b/c of faulty engineering- rebel groups try to steal the $- recipient/ leader if the country spend the $ for themselves

55
Q

What are structural adjustment programs?

Why is this unpopular with citizens in LDCs?

A
  • Economic goals+strategies for achieving the objectives+ external financing requirements
  • Poverty worsens by placing priority on reducing gov. spending w/t inflation, puts people in a worse spot, punishes them for doing nothing wrong
56
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Commerce in which products are made+traded according to standards that protect workers+small businesses in developing countries

57
Q

Explain some of the producer standards for Fair Trade

A

Can cut costs+return a greater % of the retail price- small scale farmers can get credit

58
Q

Explain some of the worker standards for Fair Trade

A

Get paid fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply w/t minimum env. safety standards

59
Q

Define microfinance

A

Provision of small loans and other financial services to people+small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks

60
Q

Explain how progress have been made in Infant mortality rate

A

Decreased from 17 to 6 (developed)

107 to 44 in developing countries w/t medium HDI- includes most of East+South Asia

61
Q

Explain how progress has been made in Life expectancy

A

A baby is expeced to live 8 more yrs in developing countries, 7 more years in developed countries

  • The gap b/w developed+developing has not narrowed
62
Q

Explain how progress has been made in GNI per capita

A

The gap b/w developing and developed has widened

1980: GNI-20,000 to 33,000 (developed)

1000 to 5000- developing w/t medium HDI

63
Q

Study Millennium Development Goals and Core+Periphery Wallerstein and look at charts on Key Issue

A

You can do it! Do it for the A!!!

AP Huge Development (1 decks)

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