Chapter 9

Question 1

Define development

Answer 1

The process of improving the material conditions through diffusion of knowledge and technology

Question 2

Define MDC

Answer 2

A country that has progressed further along the development continuum

Question 3

Define LDC

Answer 3

A country that has made some progress toward development

Question 4

What are the three things that the UN takes into consideration when determining a country’s level of development?

Answer 4

1. A decent standard of living 2. A long and healthy life 3. Access to knowledge

Question 5

What is Gross National Income (GNI)

Answer 5

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including $ that leaves and enters the country

Question 6

What is the annual per capita (per person) GNI in an MDC? Wb LDC?

Answer 6

MDC: $34,000 LDC: $7,000

Question 7

What does this statement mean?: “Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution”

Answer 7

If only a few people receive much of the GNI, then the standard of living for the majority may be lower than the average figure implies.

Question 8

What jobs are in the primary sector?

Answer 8

Jobs that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture. Ex: Mining, fishing, forestry

Question 9

What type of jobs are in the secondary sector?

Answer 9

Jobs that manufacture raw materials into useful products. Ex. Factory workers

Question 10

What type of jobs are in the tertiary sector?

Answer 10

Provision of goods and services to people in exchange for $. Ex: Retailing, banking, law, gov., education

Question 11

How is the % of workers in agriculture different in LDC’s and MDC’s?

Answer 11

LDC’s: Higher % of agricultural workers because the country is not as advanced as an MDC MDC: Lower % of agricultural workers because more people are educated and getting jobs that deal with technology

Question 12

Within MDC’s, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors?

Answer 12

• Primary: Decreased in LDC’s and MDC’S
• Secondary: Decreased sharply in MDC’s, less than LDC’s, increase in LDC’s
• Tertiary: Increasing in MDC’s, decreasing in LDC’s

Question 13

Define productivity

Answer 13

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of raw materials and energy

Question 14

Define Value Added

Answer 14

The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

Question 15

What three “consumer goods” are considered to be particularly good indicators of development?

Answer 15

1. Motor vehicles 2. Telephones 3. Computers

Question 16

What is the ratio of people to these types of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC?

Answer 16

Cars; MDC- 630:1000, LDC- 80:1000 Phones; MDC- 1100:1000, LDC- 700:1000 Computers; MDC- 700:1000, LDC- 200:1000

Question 17

The people in LDC’s who do have access to consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions?

Answer 17

Urban areas

Question 18

Compare life expectancy in MDC’s and LDC’S

Answer 18

MDC- 80 LDC- 68

Question 19

Compare infant mortality in MDC’s and LDC’s

Answer 19

LDC- 94% survive, 6% die MDC- more than 99.5% survive, fewer than 1/2 of 1% die

Question 20

Define Pupil/teacher ratio

Answer 20

The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction- how many students per teacher

Question 21

Define Literacy rate

Answer 21

The % of a country’s people who can read and write.

Question 22

What is the literacy rate in MDC’s and LDC’s?

Answer 22

MDC- exceeds 99%, LDC- East Asia+ Latin America: exceeds 90%, less than 70% in Sub, Saharan Africa+ South Asia

Question 23

Give examples of regions where there are variations in levels of development

Answer 23

Southwest Asia, North Africa, and in Central Asia, much of SW asia- desert that supports only little life, petroleum and oil are the main economic assets

Question 24

Give examples of countries with varying levels of development, Explain why

Answer 24

Brazil, China, Mexico. Brazil: Wealth is highest in Atlantic Coast, lowest in the Amazon. China: Wealth is highest along East coast, lowest in mountain+ desert env. Mexico: Wealth is high in the region bordering the U.S. and in tourist region; Yucatan Peninsula

Question 25

Define Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Answer 25

A major of the extent of each country's gender inequality \*want low GII b/c that means there is more equality

Question 26

The GII considers what three areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries?

Answer 26

1. Empowerment 2. Reproductive health 3. Labor

Question 27

Where are the highest GII's?

Answer 27

Sub-Saharan Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia

Question 28

Where are GII's the lowest?

Answer 28

Europe, developed countries

Question 29

Explain Empowerment

Answer 29

The ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status- to achieve economic+political power

Question 30

What two indicators are measured to calculate the empowerment dimension of the GII?

Answer 30

1. The % of seats held by women in the national legislature 2. The % of women who have completed high school

Question 31

What is the Female Labor Force Participation Rate?

Answer 31

The % of women holding full-time jobs outisde the home

Question 32

What regions see the highest numbers of women in the national legislature * What is that percentage? * What is the percentage in the U.S.?

Answer 32

Europe- Western Europe, Australia, China and South America * 20% or above * 10-19%

Question 33

Why does the UN include reproductive health as a contributor to GII?

Answer 33

In countries where effective control of reproduction is universal, women have fewer children, and maternal+child health are improved.

Question 34

What has been the trend in gender inequality since the 1990s?

Answer 34

It has declined in most countries

Question 35

Where does the US rank in GII? Explain why.

Answer 35

* 47 b/c reproductive rights are much lower in the U.S. The % of women in the national legislature is much lower than men. * Women Senators- 17:100 * Women Representatives- 74:435

Question 36

Define supply

Answer 36

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale

Question 37

Define demand

Answer 37

The quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy

Question 38

What are the three principle types of consumption of coal, petroleum, and natural gas?

Answer 38

1. Transportation 2. Business 3. Home

Question 39

Explain the three ways potential reserves can become proven reserves

Answer 39

1. Undiscovered fields 2. Enhanced recovery from already discovered fields 3. Unconventional sources

Question 40

What is OPEC?

Answer 40

An organization formed to enable oil-rich developing countries to gain more control over their resource

Question 41

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source.

Answer 41

Adv: Large amt. of energy is released from a small amt. of material, provides alot of usable energy for multiple uses Dis: Possible accidents, radioactive waste is poisonous, possible steam explosions

Question 42

Which of the two models for development has shown the most success?

Answer 42

International Trade Approach

Question 43

True or False: The WTO was formed by countries that conduct the majority of international trade.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False: The WTO seeks to increase import quotas and reduce import and export tariffs

Answer 44

False

Question 45

True or False: The WTO seeks to eliminate restrictions on the flow of money between countries

Answer 45

True

Question 46

True or False: Though it can hear accusations, the WTO cannot order remedies

Answer 46

False, (it can)

Question 47

Why have Progressives been critical of the WTO?

Answer 47

The WTO is anti-democratic b/c decisions made behind closed doors promote the interests of large corps. rather than poor people

Question 48

Why have the Conservative group been critical of the WTO?

Answer 48

Comprises power+sovereignty of countries b/c it can order changes in taxes+laws considered unfair

Question 49

Define Foreign Direct Investment

Answer 49

Investment made by the foreign company in the economy of another country

Question 50

What is a transnational corporation?

Answer 50

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries. Ex. Nike

Question 51

In what regions are most transnational corporations headquartered?

Answer 51

Developed countries, U.S. and Europe

Question 52

Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs

Answer 52

1. World bank 2. International Monetary fund

Question 53

What is the theory behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs?

Answer 53

These loans help reform public administration, legal institutions, develop+strengthen financial institutions, transportation

Question 54

In reality, what has usually happened when loans have been used for these infrastructure projects?

Answer 54

Projects dont function as intended b/c of faulty engineering- rebel groups try to steal the $- recipient/ leader if the country spend the $ for themselves

Question 55

What are structural adjustment programs? Why is this unpopular with citizens in LDCs?

Answer 55

* Economic goals+strategies for achieving the objectives+ external financing requirements * Poverty worsens by placing priority on reducing gov. spending w/t inflation, puts people in a worse spot, punishes them for doing nothing wrong

Question 56

What is fair trade?

Answer 56

Commerce in which products are made+traded according to standards that protect workers+small businesses in developing countries

Question 57

Explain some of the producer standards for Fair Trade

Answer 57

Can cut costs+return a greater % of the retail price- small scale farmers can get credit

Question 58

Explain some of the worker standards for Fair Trade

Answer 58

Get paid fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply w/t minimum env. safety standards

Question 59

Define microfinance

Answer 59

Provision of small loans and other financial services to people+small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks

Question 60

Explain how progress have been made in Infant mortality rate

Answer 60

Decreased from 17 to 6 (developed) 107 to 44 in developing countries w/t medium HDI- includes most of East+South Asia

Question 61

Explain how progress has been made in Life expectancy

Answer 61

A baby is expeced to live 8 more yrs in developing countries, 7 more years in developed countries * The gap b/w developed+developing has not narrowed

Question 62

Explain how progress has been made in GNI per capita

Answer 62

The gap b/w developing and developed has widened 1980: GNI-20,000 to 33,000 (developed) 1000 to 5000- developing w/t medium HDI

Question 63

Study Millennium Development Goals and Core+Periphery Wallerstein and look at charts on Key Issue

Answer 63

You can do it! Do it for the A!!!