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Motor Control > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sensory weighting hypothesis?

A

When one sensory system is less reliable, the input to the CNS from that system is weighted less heavily, and inputs from other systems will be weighted more heavily

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2
Q

What occurs when a patient has a dome on their head?

A

Vision becomes inaccurate

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3
Q

What occurs when a patient has a blindfold on?

A

Vision is not used

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4
Q

What occurs when a patient stands on a foam pad?

A

Somatosensory becomes inaccurate

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5
Q

What occurs in healthy young adults as the go through the six sensory conditions?

A

The sway index gradually increases

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6
Q

What are the six sensory conditions?

A 
1 = nothing
2 = blindfold
3 = dome
4 = foam
5 = foam + blindfold
6 = foam + dome
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7
Q

What does the CTSIB do?

A

Helps to determine which sensory system an individual relies on to maintain balance. Examines standing balance under various conditions

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8
Q

What are the 2 major factors that contribute to aging?

A

1) Primary/Genetic Factors

2) Secondary/Experiential Factors

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9
Q

What are primary factors of aging?

A

Factors that contribute to the loss of neuronal function within a system over which we have little control

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10
Q

What are secondary factors of aging?

A

Factors such as environment, nutrition and lifestyle, effects on our nervous system function over which we have more control

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11
Q

What is the lifestyle like of an older adult with a disability?

A

Dependent in all BADLs

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12
Q

What is the lifestyle like of a physically dependent older adult?

A

Cannot pass some of all BADLs (walking, bathing, dressing, eating, transfers)
Needs home or institutional care

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13
Q

What is the lifestyle like of a physically frail older adult?

A

Light housekeeping, food prep, grocery shopping, can pass some IADLs, all BADLs, may be homebound

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14
Q

What is the lifestyle like of a physically independent older adult?

A

Very light physical work, hobbies (walking, gardening), low physical demand activities (golf, dance, crafts, travel, driving), can pass all IADLs

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15
Q

What is the lifestyle like of a physically fit older adult?

A

Moderate physical work, all endurance sports and games, most hobbies

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16
Q

What is the lifestyle like of a physically elite older adult?

A

Sports competitions, senior olympics, high risk and power sports (hang-gliding, weight lifting)

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17
Q

In those 65 and older, how many fall each year?

A

1 in 3

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18
Q

Falls make up ____ of unintentional injuries, which are the ___ leading cause of death in the elderly.

A

2/3, 5th

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19
Q

____ of deaths from falls occur in those 65 or older.

A

3/4

20
Q

How much have falls cost the US?

A

$30 billion in 2010

21
Q

What are the intrinsic risk factors for falls in community dwelling older adults?

A
  • age and gender
  • physiological and psychosocial factors (mm weakness, visual/gait/balance deficits, history/fear of falls, social isolation, anxiety, depression)
  • cognitive impairments
  • impaired ADLs
22
Q

What are the extrinsic risk factors for falls in community dwelling older adults?

A

Environmental factors (rugs, stairs, slippery surfaces, poor lighting)

23
Q

Fall are a result of _____.

A

The interaction of the individual, the task and the environment

24
Q

What changes occur in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Reduced ROM
Diminished spinal flexibility
Altered posture
Decreased muscle strength

25
Q

What postural changes occur?

A

Forward head
Increased kyphosis
Increased lordosis lumbar spine
Increased hip, knee flexion

26
Q

What changes occur in muscles due to aging?

A 
# of motor units decline
Loss of some type II fibers
27
Q

How do older adults respond to a moving platform that causes postural sway?

A

Slow response onset in key muscles (increased latency)

Increased co-activation to stiffen the joint

28
Q

What occurs in stable older adults when perturbation and velocity increase?

A

Increased amplitude of response compared to young adults

29
Q

What occurs in unstable older adults when perturbation and velocity increase?

A

Exhibit much more increased amplitude of response

30
Q

What are some of the different mechanisms that are strongly correlated with balance?

A
  • Sensory/Motor system function
  • Muscle weakness
  • Impaired synergy of muscle coordination and response to instability
  • Limitation to adapt movement in reaction to changing tasks
31
Q

What are some compensatory mechanisms used in aging?

A

Stepping reaction

Reaching reaction

32
Q

What type of falls can arise from a forward stepping reaction? + a lateral step?

A 
Forward = AP fall
Lateral = ML fall
33
Q

What type of fall can arise from a sidestepping pattern?

A

Not likely, much better than crossover step

34
Q

What type of fall can arise from a lateral stepping reaction?

A

AP fall

35
Q

What age related changes occur in the somatosensory system?

A

Vibratory sensation threshold increases

Tactile sensitivity decreases (increased threshold to touch stimuli)

36
Q

What age related changes occur in the visual system?

A

Visual threshold increases

Visual acuity decreases

37
Q

What age related changes occur in the vestibular system?

A

Reduction in vestibular function, loss of 40% of vestibular hair by age 70

38
Q

What occurs in older adults when one sense is reduced?

A

They do not sway significantly larger than young adults

39
Q

What occurs in older adults when 2 senses are reduced?

A

Significant effect on steadiness

40
Q

Why might older adults (70 - 80) begin to have difficulty maneuvering around?

A

Reduced ability to integrate balance adjustments into ongoing voluntary movements

41
Q

What problems do older adults have with anticipatory postural abilities?

A

Problems making adjustments quickly and efficiently

42
Q

What problems can occur due to older adults impairments with anticipatory postural ability?

A

Falls, postural control is often used proactively to stabilize the body before making voluntary movements

43
Q

Older adults show ____ reaction time of pressing a button when hearing a sound under dual-task conditions.

A

increased

44
Q

What is an example of a dual-task that can be used in a clinic?

A

10 meter walk while subtracting by 3’s

45
Q

What are the recommendations from the Geriatric Society to prevent falls?

A
  • Fall in the past 12 months?
  • If yes, frequency and circumstance of fall
  • Difficulties walking or with balance?
  • Those with fall(s) should be evaluated for gait, balance, etc
46
Q

Aging is characterized by ____.

A

heterogeneity

Motor Control (6 decks)

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