Chapter 9

Question 0

Phonology

Answer 0

Refers to the sounds of a language

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

Defined broadly, a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning

Question 2

Semantics

Answer 2

Denotes the study of words & their meaning

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

Refers to rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences

Question 4

Pragmaticas

Answer 4

Refers to the communicative functions of language & the rules that lead to effective communication

Question 5

Phonemes

Answer 5

The basic building blocks of languages; unique sounds that can be joined to create words

Question 6

Infant directed speech

Answer 6

When adults speak slowly & with exaggerated changes in pitch & loudness

Question 7

Cooing

Answer 7

At 2 months, Infants begin to produce vowel- like sounds like ‘oooo’ & ‘ahhh’

Question 8

Babbling

Answer 8

After cooing; speech like sound that has no meaning

Question 9

Intonation

Answer 9

Pattern of rising or falling pitch

Question 10

Naming explosion

Answer 10

At 18 months, many children experience this, which they learn new words- particularly names at object - much more rapidly than before

Question 11

Fast mapping

Answer 11

Children’s ability to connect new words to their meanings so rapidly that they cannot be considering all possible meanings for the new word

Question 12

Under-extensions

Answer 12

Common mistake-defining a word too narrowly

Question 13

Overextension

Answer 13

Between 1 & 3 years, children sometimes make the opposite error (as under extension) which is defining a word too broadly

Question 14

Phonological memory

Answer 14

The ability to remember speech sounds briefly

Question 15

Referential style

Answer 15

Vocabularies consist mainly of words that name objects, persons or actions

Question 16

Expressive style

Answer 16

Vocabularies include some names but also inside many social phrases that are used as a single word such as ‘go away’ or ‘I want it’

Question 17

Telegraphic speech

Answer 17

Telegrams of days gone by, it consists of only words directly relevant to meaning

Question 18

Grammatical morphemes

Answer 18

Children’s longer sentences are filled with these; words or ending of words (such as -ing, -Ed, -s) that make a sentence grammatical

Question 19

African American English

Answer 19

Variant of standard English that has slightly different grammatical rules

Question 20

Over Regularization

Answer 20

Additional evidence that children master grammar by learning rules comes from preschool’s overreglarization applying rules to words that are exception to the rule

Question 21

Semantic bootstrapping theory

Answer 21

Children are born knowing that bounds usually refer to people or objects & that verbs are actions; this use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules.

Comes from “pull yourself up by your bootstraps”