Chapter 9 Flashcards
Phonology
Refers to the sounds of a language
Language
Defined broadly, a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning
Semantics
Denotes the study of words & their meaning
Syntax
Refers to rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences
Pragmaticas
Refers to the communicative functions of language & the rules that lead to effective communication
Phonemes
The basic building blocks of languages; unique sounds that can be joined to create words
Infant directed speech
When adults speak slowly & with exaggerated changes in pitch & loudness
Cooing
At 2 months, Infants begin to produce vowel- like sounds like ‘oooo’ & ‘ahhh’
Babbling
After cooing; speech like sound that has no meaning
Intonation
Pattern of rising or falling pitch
Naming explosion
At 18 months, many children experience this, which they learn new words- particularly names at object - much more rapidly than before
Fast mapping
Children’s ability to connect new words to their meanings so rapidly that they cannot be considering all possible meanings for the new word
Under-extensions
Common mistake-defining a word too narrowly
Overextension
Between 1 & 3 years, children sometimes make the opposite error (as under extension) which is defining a word too broadly
Phonological memory
The ability to remember speech sounds briefly
Referential style
Vocabularies consist mainly of words that name objects, persons or actions
Expressive style
Vocabularies include some names but also inside many social phrases that are used as a single word such as ‘go away’ or ‘I want it’
Telegraphic speech
Telegrams of days gone by, it consists of only words directly relevant to meaning
Grammatical morphemes
Children’s longer sentences are filled with these; words or ending of words (such as -ing, -Ed, -s) that make a sentence grammatical
African American English
Variant of standard English that has slightly different grammatical rules
Over Regularization
Additional evidence that children master grammar by learning rules comes from preschool’s overreglarization applying rules to words that are exception to the rule
Semantic bootstrapping theory
Children are born knowing that bounds usually refer to people or objects & that verbs are actions; this use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules.
Comes from “pull yourself up by your bootstraps”
