Chapter 9 Flashcards
Voice Disorder (Dysphonia)
Any deviation of loudness, pitch, or quality that is outside the normal range of a person’s age, gender, or geographic or cultural background that interferes with communication, draws unfavorable attention to itself, or adversely affects the speaker or listener.
Functional Voice Disorders
Caused by faulty use of a normal vocal mechanism.
Neurological Voice Disorders
Related to muscle tone and control of the muscles used for respiration and phonation.
Organic Voice Disorders
Related to some physical abnormality in the larynx.
Hyperfunction
A pervasive pattern of excessive effort and tension that affects many different structures and muscles in the phonatory system and, in some cases, the respiratory, resonatory, and articulatory systems; signs of hyperfunction include a tense sounding voice and hard glottal attacks.
Hypofunction
Inadequate muscle tone in the laryngeal mechanism and associated structures, including the muscles of respiration; signs of hypofunction include breathiness because of inadequate closure of the vocal folds, weak vocal power that can affect speech intelligibility, and reduced vocal endurance.
Hard Glottal Attack
Forceful closing of the vocal folds during the initiation of phonation.
Vocal Nodule
A benign vocal fold growth that tends to be bilateral and occurs at the same location as vocal polyps, caused by continuous vocal fold hyperfunction.
Phonotrauma
Deleterious acute or chronic vocal behaviors, such as excessive yelling, screaming, cheering, coughing, throat clearing, inappropriate pitch or loudness, etc.
Vocal Misuse
Deleterious chronic vocal behaviors that my have a cumulative effects on the structure and functioning of the laryngeal mechanism, such as chronic inappropriate loudness or pitch, etc.
Hoarseness
A common dysphonia that is a combination of breathiness and harshness that may affect loudness, pitch, and quality.
Acute
Intense and of short duration, usually referring to a disease or injury.
Chronic
Of long duration with slow progress, usually in reference to a disease or disorder.
Laryngitis
An acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the larynx that often results in hoarseness or loss of voice.
Harshness
A “rough” sounding vocal quality resulting from a combination of hard glottal attacks, low pitch, and high intensity caused by hyperfunction of the vocal folds.
Breathiness
Incomplete closure of the vocal folds during phonation that results in excessive unvibrated air escaping.
Acute Laryngitis (Traumatic)
An abrupt, intense, and usually relatively brief inflammation of the mucous membrane lining in the larynx, accompanied by edema of the vocal folds with hoarseness and loss of voice that is often caused by severe vocal abuse.
Edema
Accumulation of excessive fluid in tissue that is associated with inflammatory conditions and results in swelling of the tissue.
Chronic Laryngitis
A persistent laryngitis lasting more than 10 days with inflammation of the mucous membrane lining in the larynx, accompanied by edema of the vocal folds with hoarseness and loss of voice that is often caused by heavy smoking, coughing, allergies and chemical irritants, and ongoing vocal abuse and misuse.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR)
Gastric reflux that flows through the esophagus, past the upper esphageal valve, and into the larynx or pharynx; reflux may spill over onto the vocal folds and irritate them, causing coughing and inflammation.
Otolaryngologist
A medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the ears, nose, and throat; often referred to as an “ear, nose, and throat” (ENT) doctor.
Lesion
A wound, injury, or area of pathological change in tissue.
Facilitating Techniques
The selected therapy exercises that help to achieve a “target” or a more optimal vocal response by the patient.
Vocal polyp
A benign vocal fold growth that may take various forms and is caused by vocal abuse and misuse and results in vocal hoarseness.
Vocal Hygiene
Behaviors that are helpful to achieve and maintain a healthy vocal mechanism and prevent or decrease vocal pathologies, such as eliminating phonotrauma, speaking in an appropriate pitch, turning the tv or radio downs, etc.
Polypoid thickening (degeneration)
A condition in which a vocal fold becomes edematous, flabby, and almost jelly-like as the result of vocal hyperfunction, making the voice chronically low pitched and hoarse.
Contact Ulcer
A benign vocal fold ulceration at the juncture of the middle one-third and posterior one-third of a fold that is caused by persistent and excessive vocal hyperfunction that is most commonly seen in adult males.
Referred Pain
Pain felt at a site different from that of an injured or diseased organ or part of the body.
Functional Dysphonia
A voice disorder that may be either hyperfunctional or hypofuntional and has no organic, physical, or neurological cause but is heard in patients with extreme tension in both the laryngeal and the supralaryngeal regions; the voice may have hypofunctional qualities such as low-pitch and breathy or hyperfunctional qualities such as high-pitch, strident, or hoarse.
Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD)
A hyperfunctional voice disorder in which the voice is adversely affected by excessive muscle tension that ranges from mild to severe; characteristics include a weak voice that lacks intensity, range and variation, a rough, hoarse, or thin vocal quality that lacks resonance, and a voice that fatigues easily.
Functional Aphonia
A hyperfunctional voice disorder in which a person speaks mostly with a whisper although is able to use a normal voice when laughing, coughing, clearing the throat, and humming; often associated with psychological stressors or conflicts.
Conversion Reaction (disorder)
An ego defense mechanism in which intrapsychic conflict is expressed symbolically through physical symptoms that may manifest as actual illness or delusions of illness or incapacity.
Mutational Falsetto
A high-pitched, breathy voice produced by the vibration of the anterior one-third of the vocal folds, with the posterior two-thirds held tightly in a slightly open position or else so tightly adducted that little or no posterior vibration occurs.
Papilloma
Soft, wartlike, benign growths on the vocal folds of children that have a viral origin and may grow to a size that can obstruct the airway.
Intubation
The passage of a breathing tube through the mouth, through the nose, or directly into the trachea through a tracheotomy to ensure a open airway for delivery of oxygen.
Cancer
A malignant neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to distant body sites.
Malignant
A neoplasm with uncontrollable growth and dissemination that invades and destroys neighboring tissue.
Hypoadduction
Difficulty making the vocal folds close strongly enough or long enough for normal phonation that results in a weak, breathy voice that often deteriorates with increasing amounts of vocal use throughout the day.
Hyperadduction
Difficulty with the vocal folds closing too tightly or for too long that results in a voice that sounds tense and strained and tends to fatigue with use as a result of hypertonicity.
Vocal Fold Paralysis
Unilateral or bilateral loss of laryngeal movements that may be caused by damage to the brainstem, vagus nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves, or the neuromuscular junctions, resulting in a weak, breathy voice, or possible difficulty breathing if the vocal folds are paralyzed in the closed position.
Diplophonia
Two distinct pitches perceived simultaneously during phonation that is caused by the two vocal folds vibrating under different degrees of tension or vibration of the ventricular folds concurrently with the true vocal folds.
Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD)
A relatively rare voice disorder that may have either or both neurological and psychological etiologies; characterized by a strained, strangled, harsh voice quality, or an absence of voice because of tight abduction of the vocal folds; clients typically do not respond well to voice therapy.
Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD)
A relatively rare voice disorder that may have either or both neurological and psychological etiologies; characterized by a strained, strangled, harsh voice quality, or an absence of voice because of tight abduction of the vocal folds; clients typically do not respond well to voice therapy.
Dystonia
A general neurological term for a variety of problems characterized by excessive contraction of muscles with associated abnormal movements and postures.
Dystonia
A general neurological term for a variety of problems characterized by excessive contraction of muscles with associated abnormal movements and postures.
Indirect Laryngoscopy
A method of examining the larynx and vocal folds by placing a laryngeal mirror into the back of the mouth and directing a reflected light source onto the mirror to shine on the vocal folds.
Indirect Laryngoscopy
A method of examining the larynx and vocal folds by placing a laryngeal mirror into the back of the mouth and directing a reflected light source onto the mirror to shine on the vocal folds.
Direct Laryngoscopy
Examination by an ENT physician of the interior of the larynx by direct vision with the aid of a laryngoscope, usually while the patient is anesthetized.
Direct Laryngoscopy
Examination by an ENT physician of the interior of the larynx by direct vision with the aid of a laryngoscope, usually while the patient is anesthetized.
Laryngoscope
A hollow tube used by an ENT physician that is inserted into the larynx through the mouth for examining or operating on the interior of the larynx.
Laryngoscope
A hollow tube used by an ENT physician that is inserted into the larynx through the mouth for examining or operating on the interior of the larynx.
Endoscopy
Methods of viewing the velopharyngeal mechanism, vocal tract, or both that use a rigid endoscope introduced intraorally or flexible fiberopotic endoscope transnasally with a camara lens and fiberoptic light source at the tip of the scope that can illuminate the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx.
Endoscopy
Methods of viewing the velopharyngeal mechanism, vocal tract, or both that use a rigid endoscope introduced intraorally or flexible fiberopotic endoscope transnasally with a camara lens and fiberoptic light source at the tip of the scope that can illuminate the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx.
Laryngectomy
Surgical removal of the larynx because of cancer and includes the trachea being brought forward and sutured to the skin in the lower midline of the neck to create a permanent stoma; the pharynx is closed as a separate tract for swallowing.
Laryngectomy
Surgical removal of the larynx because of cancer and includes the trachea being brought forward and sutured to the skin in the lower midline of the neck to create a permanent stoma; the pharynx is closed as a separate tract for swallowing.
Stoma
An opening about the diameter of a finger or thumb made surgically into the neck that allows a person to breathe directly through the trachea.
Stoma
An opening about the diameter of a finger or thumb made surgically into the neck that allows a person to breathe directly through the trachea.
Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis (TEP)
A surgical procedure in which an incision through the trachea and espohageal walls is created to fit a one-way plastic valve that directs air from the trachea into the esophagus where it can reach the oral cavity and be articulated for speech.
Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis (TEP)
A surgical procedure in which an incision through the trachea and espohageal walls is created to fit a one-way plastic valve that directs air from the trachea into the esophagus where it can reach the oral cavity and be articulated for speech.
Esophageal Speech
The compression of air within the oropharynx and injection of it into the esophagus, followed by the rapid expelling of the air out of the esophagus that causes it to vibrate the upper esophageal valve, which produces a low-pitched, monotone “voice” that is shaped by the articulators to produce “burp” speech.
Esophageal Speech
The compression of air within the oropharynx and injection of it into the esophagus, followed by the rapid expelling of the air out of the esophagus that causes it to vibrate the upper esophageal valve, which produces a low-pitched, monotone “voice” that is shaped by the articulators to produce “burp” speech.
Electrolarynx/ Artificial Larynx
An electronic device used by laryngectomees that produces a vibrated mechanical sound that is held against the neck, with the sound entering the pharynx and oral cavity where it is articulated for speech.
Electrolarynx/ Artificial Larynx
An electronic device used by laryngectomees that produces a vibrated mechanical sound that is held against the neck, with the sound entering the pharynx and oral cavity where it is articulated for speech.
Holistic
A philosophic concept in which an entity is seen as more than the sum of its parts; a prominent approach to psychology, biology, nursing, etc.
Holistic
A philosophic concept in which an entity is seen as more than the sum of its parts; a prominent approach to psychology, biology, nursing, etc.
