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Ethology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of contributions do fathers usually provide (2)?

A

males usually provide little care

others provide nearly all the care

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2
Q

Costs (2) and benefit of parental care?

A

cost
- loss of resources
- time for additional offspring

benefit
- increased survival of offspring

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3
Q

Why must birds balance care?

A

benefit- feeding young increses survival

cost- predators can use foraging trips to attack nest

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4
Q

How must birds balance foraging trips (3)?

A
  • how far to go?
  • how long to leave for?
  • how often to leave and return to the nest?
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5
Q

How do North and South American birds differ?

A

NA birds had a short lifespan; larger egg clutches

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6
Q

How did NA and SA birds respond to predator calls?

A

NA birds stopped activities more
- they had a gain by protecting current clutch due to their lower survival

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7
Q

How did tropical and temperate birds respond to predator decoys?

A

tropical birds returned less than temperate birds

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8
Q

Why do mothers provide more care? (2)

A
  • females are more likely to provide care as a single parent
  • females have already invested more energy to make eggs, making protection an incentive
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9
Q

How do caecilians exhibit parental csare?

A

mothers allow young to feed from epidermis

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10
Q

How do spiders and pseudoscorpions exhibit parental care?

A

mother regurgitates food and even allows offspring to eat them (matriphagy)

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11
Q

How do tree hoppers provide parental care?

A

females guard eggs, some guarding until the offsprings are nymphs

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12
Q

How did maternal and paternal care evolve in tree hoppers?

A

maternal care evolved multiple times, while none for paternal care

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13
Q

How do earwigs exhibit cost of maternal care?

A

those that remain with offspring must wait longer for the next clutch and fewer lifetime clutch

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14
Q

What is a benefit of maternal care?

A

if caregiving was cheaper for females, it will make it easier for them to provide care

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15
Q

What are two costs of paternal care?

A

males lose out more on chance of future reproduction than females

uncertainty of paternity may be a big enough disadvantage for males not to provide care

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16
Q

How do sticklebacks exhibit paternal care?

A

males may brood 10 clutches at a time

females can only produce 7

males benefit by brooding clutches of multiple

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17
Q

How do St Peter’s fish exhibit cost of parental care?

A

both parents provide care

both lose weight when brooding

females produce smaller clutches in following years

males occur no further costs

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18
Q

How do harvestmen spiders exhibit paternal care?

A

males guards eggs

if males are removed, eggs were always attacked

females were more attracted to males that were already caring for eggs

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19
Q

How do waterbugs exhibit paternal care?

A

males guard and moisten eggs on vegetation or on their back

males will aerate eggs with pushups

eggs will not develop without care

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20
Q

How did back egg brooding evolve?

A

back egg brooding evolved from non-brooders since brooding isn’t common

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21
Q

Why is back egg brooding required for water bugs? (4)

A

eggs require brooding due to their large size

needs more O2 and lower SA/V and moisture to prevent dessication

needs to be out of water to get O2, so back brooding is best to prevent both issues

smaller eggs aren’t laid as it needs to grow large to be successful predators

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22
Q

Why don’t females waterbugs brood?

A

females don’t brood because they have to feed more to produce larger eggs; brooding slows them down

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23
Q

Can parents ID offspring? (2)

A

parent’s should be able to ID young as it wouldn’t raise others

some females cannot ID their young

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24
Q

Can bats ID offspring?

A

thought mothers gives milk to any pup on a first come first serve

mothers were actually more likely to feed their offspring

used olfactory and vocal cues to locate pup

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25
Why would gulls adopt?
cannot recognize young minimize chance of rejecting own young by responding to begs of all chicks only lose half of offspring if they adopt, compared to 10% if they don’t
26
How do cuckoos act as brood parasites?
imitates brood of reed warbler chicks
27
What do fairy wrens do with brood parasites?
abandons nest if they detect brood parasites can detect some species of cuckoos, while cannot for others that have similar calls to the wrens builds over any eggs deposited before laying own eggs
28
How did brood parasitism evolve in cuckoos? (2)
brood parasitism arose multiple times may have arisen when cuckoos parasitized their own species (intraspecific)
29
What did brood parasitism evolve form?
parental care
30
How do coots exhibit intraspecific brood parasitism?
floater females and territorial females may lay eggs in nest of others larger coots may exploit smaller ones coots can distinguish eggs by their hatching time
31
What is the gradual shift hypothesis of brood parasitism (3)
recent bird groups parasitized closely related species host becomes more generalized as they develop older groups parasitize species not so closely related
32
Why do recent bird groups parasitize closely related species?
newly evolved nest parasites need to target birds with similar food requirements
33
What supports abrupt shift of brood parasitism evolution? (2)
parasites that shifted from parental care to parasitism abruptly exploited parents may feed the larger parasites more
34
How do tits support abrupt evolution?
in experiments, the larger tit did better as parasites than smalleer tits
35
What do current obligatory nest parasitism support? (2)
current obligatory nest parasites had an abrupt shift no intraspecific parasitism, but immediate interspecific parasitism
36
What must occur for nest parasitism to work?
egg must hatch
37
What do hosts do as a response to parasitism (2)?
some hosts can detect and remove parasite eggs others may abandon all eggs, even their own, if they cannot distinguish
38
What makes parasitism adaptive?
if parasites victimize a small fraction of the host population, a small chance of recognition errors may make accepting that parasite adaptive
39
How do warblers respond to parasitism?
only ejects parasite eggs if they notice parasite near their nest
40
When is acceptance of parasites likely?
when host is small and unable to remove larger parasite egg
41
What must host do when it cannot remove a parasite egg? (2)
abandon clutch brood clutch
42
What are costs of abandonment (3)?
build a new nest laying a new clutch high cost for hole nesters - holes are rare
43
Why might warblers accept parasites (2)?
lack of alternative nests may lead to parasite toleration accepts foreign eggs towards end of breeding seasons, where there is no time to produce new broods
44
What is the mafia hypothesis (3)
parasites may make it unprofitable to cover up/ throw out eggs parasite can retaliate and harm host if eggs are harmed provides a cost, and may be better off to accept parasite eggs
45
How do cuckoos act as mafias?
magpies that evicted cuckoo eggs were attacked more often than those that accepted attacked fake replacement eggs in nests they parasitized
46
WHy might cuckoos lay eggs in partial clutches? (2)
usually accepted chick hatches and kills nest mates
47
How do cowbirds support the mafia hypothesis?
cowbird egg removed (1) untouched (2), or removed but prevented repeated entry of cowbird (3) - 1- host eggs were destroyed - 2- host eggs that didn’t eject were undisturbed - 3- host eggs were undisturbed result: cowbirds might cause hosts to re-nest, giving them a chance to parasitize
48
What is parental favoritism?
parents rarely distribute care evenly amongst their offspring, even when coefficient of relatedness is the same
49
How do mason bees exhibit parental favoritism?
control both sex and provisions feed early offspring very well- offsprings are daughters daughter need more growth to be successful than sons later in the season, when worn out, provide less food for eggs - lays unfertilized eggs for males
50
How do burying beetles and earwigs exhibit parental favoritism?
after hatching, can supplement more food to older larvae helping those more likely to reach adulthood
51
How did parental bias towards one sex evolve? (2)
variation in parental condition variation in how well one sex converts extra parental investment into more of their own offspring
52
How do humans exhibit bias towards one sex?
women with access to abundant food resources are more likely to have sons sons have the potential to have many children via multiple partners sons may be more likely to get more partners if they are developmentally adavataged and can compete high ranked women in some cultures are more likely to have sons these women has access to resources and more stress humans invest more in sons than daughters
53
What is siblicide?
parents may step aside when young fight for resources
54
Why might siblicide evolve (2)?
fitness advantages for offspring that can dispose of siblings competing for the same supply of food benefit of being able to produce 5 offspring at the expense of three nephews/nieces (from what the sibling might have produced)
55
What is parent-offspring conflict? (2)
parents what their offsprings to survive so that offsprings can produce more children offspring on the other hand derives more benefit by killing siblings to obtain more resources
56
How do boobies exhibit siblicide?
early siblicide- older chick disposes of younger chick birds lay two eggs in succession, days apart
57
What did experiments with boobies siblicide show?
not all boobies are suicidal masked are, blue aren’t in an experiment where they are swapped masked parents didn’t prevent siblicide blue parents stopped suicide
58
How do egerts exhibit siblicide?
parents don't interfere with siblicide promotes siblicide through egg behavior lays 3 eggs days apart those laid first get more androgens to become more aggressive promoted because when food is scarce, siblicide can reduce pressure for food
59
how were egret siblicide tested?
created unnaturally synchronized broods chicks from different parents hatched on the same day were put in the same nest normal asynchronous broods were made exaggerated asynchronous broods were created (3 day intervals)
60
What were the results of the egret experiment?
synchronous broods fought more and had less survival; needed more food
61
Why might parents spread out hatchling time and androgen provisions? (3)
parents manipulate growth by spreading out hatching times and androgen provision allows them to devote resources to individuals who are more likely to survive may be an alternate form of infanticide
62
Why might parents alter parental effort?
based on cues to judge offspring
63
How do barn swallows alter parental effort?
red lining of chick mouths results from carotenoids in blood, with more carotenoids meaning more health parents feed red mouths more to invest in nestlings with high reproductive value
64
What did experiments of barn swallows give?
if chicks were made ill, their mouths were less red chicks with artificially reddened mouths were fed more
65
How might begging behavior and colored mouths correlate?
red-mouthed chicks may make their colored mouths more visible through begging behaviors, such as in dark nests
66
How do great tits exhibit colored mouths?
those with brighter pigmented mouths were fed more in dark nests in nests with light, brightness made no difference
67
How did coots exhibit altered parental effort?
chicks have long-tipped head and throat plumes coots make large clutches of eggs adults peck and stop feeding some young
68
What did experiments on coots show?
in experiments plumes are trimmed chicks with non-trimmed plumes were fed more if all chicks are pruned, all are fed equally

Ethology (9 decks)

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