Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is the criss-cross arrangement of collagen?
A structural feature of connective tissues providing strength and flexibility.
This arrangement allows for distribution of stress and strain across the tissue.
What occurs during lumbar rotation in relation to annular fibers?
Only a portion of the annular fibers is loaded.
This can affect the stability and function of the lumbar region.
What muscle movement is involved in flexion of the head?
Bilateral tension development by neck muscles.
These muscles work together to facilitate head movement.
What is the main function of the hyoid muscles?
To move the hyoid bone during swallowing.
This action is crucial for proper swallowing mechanics.
What happens to neck muscles with a forward head position?
Shortening of the neck muscles and hyperextension occurs.
This posture can lead to muscle imbalances and discomfort.
What does the extensor moment balance during head movement?
Balances the weight of the head against the flexor moment.
This is important for maintaining head stability.
What is the effect of forward head alignment at C7/T1?
Increases the flexion moment.
This can lead to increased strain on cervical structures.
What are the names of the first two cervical vertebrae?
Atlas and Axis.
These vertebrae are specialized for head rotation and support.
What is the most mobile region of the spine?
Cervical region.
This region allows for a wide range of motion.
What two types of movements are allowed in the cervical region?
Saggital (flexion) and Frontal (lateral flexion).
These movements are essential for head and neck mobility.
What is the purpose of intervertebral disks (IVD)?
Absorb shock and aid in movement of adjacent vertebrae.
They play a critical role in spinal health and function.
What type of tension occurs in unilateral pre-vertebral muscles?
Ipsilateral tension.
This tension aids in lateral flexion and rotation of the head.
What is Torticollis?
Spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Also known as wryneck, it can cause head tilting.
What role do facet joints play during hyperextension?
Assist in sustaining loads on the spine.
They contribute to spinal stability and movement.
What is Spondylolesthesis?
A condition characterized by the forward slipping of a vertebra.
This can lead to nerve compression and pain.
What is Spondylolysis?
A defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebra.
This condition can lead to instability of the spine.
What is the ‘Balloon Theory’ regarding nucleus pulposus bulging?
Bulging occurs on the opposite side of spinal flexion.
This theory explains the mechanics of disc herniation.
What is the effect of spinal flexion on nucleus pulposus according to the ‘Other Theory’?
Bulging occurs on the same side as spinal flexion.
This theory highlights the complexity of spinal mechanics.
What are the primary movements allowed in the lumbar region?
Saggital and Frontal planar movements.
These movements are relatively free, but rotation is restricted.
What limits rotation in the lumbar region?
Articular processes.
They provide structural support and limit excessive motion.
What are the primary movements of the thoracic region?
Saggital (flexion) and Frontal (lateral flexion).
These movements are limited by the rib cage.
What is the most mobile direction in the thoracic region?
Rotation.
This allows for trunk mobility and flexibility.
What is a characteristic of whip-lash injuries?
Involves sudden neck movement causing strain.
These injuries can lead to long-term pain and dysfunction.
What is the neutral zone in spinal movement?
Area for movements without passive resistance.
This concept is important for understanding spinal stability.
What is defined as the functional unit of the spine?
The motion segment.
It consists of two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissue between them.
What factors influence spinal curves?
- Hereditary
- Pathological conditions
- Mental state
- Habitual forces
These factors can lead to spinal misalignments.
What is kyphosis?
An exaggerated thoracic curve.
This condition can lead to postural issues.
What is Scheuermann’s disease?
Development of wedge-shaped vertebrae due to abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior.
Often seen in adolescents and can lead to kyphosis.
What is scoliosis?
An exaggerated lateral deviation of the spine.
It can be caused by uneven weight distribution, such as carrying heavy items on one side.
What characterizes severe scoliosis?
- Extreme lateral deviations
- Localized rotation of the spine
This can result in significant functional impairment.
What is lordosis?
An exaggerated lumbar curve.
It is often caused by muscle imbalances.
What is the most common cause of lower back pain (LBP)?
Lordosis.
This condition can lead to discomfort and mobility issues.
What is a feature of the thoracic vertebrae?
Wedge-shaped bodies.
This shape contributes to the thoracic curvature and stability.
What is included in the axial skeleton?
The spine or vertebral column and the thoracic region which includes the rib cage and its connections to the vertebral column.
How much does the curvature of the lumbar spine increase between the ages of 7 and 17?
Approx. 10%.
What factors influence spinal curves?
Hereditary, pathological conditions, an individual’s mental state, and the habitual forces acting on the spine.
What is the ideal alignment of the spine throughout life?
The spine should maintain its natural posture.
What are the three common spinal misalignments?
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
Define lordosis.
An exaggerated lumbar curve, typically resulting from a strength imbalance between the lower back muscles and weakened abdominal muscles.
What is a common cause of lower back pain (LBP)?
Lordosis.
Define kyphosis.
An exaggerated thoracic curve.
What is Scheuermann’s disease?
A condition that causes the development of wedge-shaped vertebrae due to abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior.
Who is often seen with kyphosis?
Elderly women with osteoporosis.
Define scoliosis.
An exaggerated lateral deviation of the spine.
What can cause scoliosis?
Carrying books or a heavy purse on one side.
What characterizes severe scoliosis?
Extreme lateral deviations and localized rotation of the spine.
What is the functional unit of the spine called?
The motion segment.
What does the motion segment consist of?
Two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissue between them.
What is the purpose of the intervertebral disks?
To absorb shock and aid in the movement of adjacent vertebrae.
What are the major movements of the cervical region?
Saggital (flexion) and Frontal (lateral flexion), designed for rotation.
What is the role of the hyoid muscles?
Their main function may be to move the hyoid bone during swallowing.
What happens with shortening of neck muscles and forward head position?
It leads to hyperextension.
What is the extensor moment?
It balances the weight of the head (flexor moment).
How does forward head alignment affect flexion moments?
It increases the flexion moment at C7/T1.
What is lateral flexion and rotation of the head influenced by?
Unilateral tension in the ipsilateral pre-vertebrals.
What is torticollis?
A spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, also known as wryneck.
What is a neutral zone for movements without passive resistance?
It is the safe range of motion for the spine.
What are whip-lash injuries associated with?
Injuries to the cervical spine.
What is the stability of the cervical spine often compared to?
A ‘guy wire’ arrangement.
What are the major movements of the thoracic region limited by?
The rib cage.
What is the most mobile direction of movement in the thoracic region?
Rotation.
What movements are relatively free in the lumbar region?
Saggital and Frontal planar movements.
What is the most restricted movement in the lumbar region?
Rotation.
What are the major structural limitations to rotation in the lumbar region?
The articular processes.
What are the two theories on the direction of bulging of the nucleus pulposus?
The Balloon Theory (opposite side) and the ‘Other Theory’ (same side as spinal flexion).
What causes fibers on the expanded side to tighten and push the nucleus pulposus?
Movement to the concave, compressed side.
What does the criss-cross arrangement of collagen in the lumbar region result in?
It results in only a portion of the annular fibers being loaded during rotation.
What assistance do the facet joints provide?
They assist in sustaining loads on the spine, particularly during hyperextension.
What is spondylolisthesis?
A condition where a vertebra slips out of place.
What is spondylolysis?
A defect in the vertebra that can lead to spondylolisthesis.
What does hyperextension refer to in spinal terms?
Excessive extension beyond the normal range of motion.
What does the Axial Skeleton consist of?
The Axial Skeleton consists of the spine or vertebral column and the Thoracic Region, which includes the rib cage and its connections to the vertebral column.
How much does the curvature of the lumbar spine increase between the ages of 7 and 17?
The curvature of the lumbar spine increases approximately 10% between the ages of 7 and 17.
What factors influence spinal curves?
Spinal curves are influenced by hereditary factors, pathological conditions, an individual’s mental state, and the habitual forces the spine is subjected to.
What is the ideal alignment of the spine throughout life?
Ideally, the spine should maintain its natural posture throughout life, but distortions are commonly seen.
What is lordosis defined as?
Lordosis is defined as an exaggerated lumbar curve, typically resulting from a strength imbalance between the lower back muscles and weakened abdominal muscles.
What is kyphosis and what is it often seen in?
Kyphosis is defined as an exaggerated thoracic curve and is often seen in elderly women with osteoporosis.
What is scoliosis characterized by?
Scoliosis is characterized by an exaggerated lateral deviation of the spine.
What constitutes the functional unit of the spine?
The functional unit of the spine is called the ‘motion segment,’ which consists of two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissue between them.
What is the purpose of the intervertebral disks?
The purpose of the intervertebral disks is to absorb shock and aid in the movement of adjacent vertebrae.
What movements are most limited in the thoracic region?
The most mobile direction in the thoracic region is rotation, while movements in the sagittal (flexion) and frontal (lateral flexion) directions are limited by the rib cage.
In which region is lumbar rotation most restricted?
Lumbar rotation is most restricted due to the major structural limitations posed by the articular processes.
What occurs in whip-lash injuries?
Whiplash injuries occur due to sudden movement that causes hyperextension of the cervical spine.
How does the arrangement of collagen fibers affect lumbar rotation?
The criss-cross arrangement of collagen fibers results in only a portion of the annular fibers being loaded during lumbar rotation.
What defines the stability of the cervical spine?
The stability of the cervical spine is maintained by a ‘guy wire’ arrangement.
What is torticollis?
Torticollis is a spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, leading to a condition clinically known as wryneck.
How are the loads on the spine affected by facet joints?
Facet joints assist in sustaining loads on the spine, particularly during hyperextension.
What debate exists regarding the direction of the bulging of the Nucleus Pulposus?
There is a debate on the direction of bulging of the Nucleus Pulposus: the ‘Balloon Theory’ suggests it bulges to the opposite side, while ‘the Other Theory’ suggests it bulges to the same side as spinal flexion.
What is a major consequence of hyperextension in the lower back?
Spondylolesthesis and spondylolysis can occur as a result of hyperextension in the lower back.
What is the axial skeleton comprised of?
The spine or vertebral column and the thoracic region, which includes the rib cage and its connections to the vertebral column.
How much does the curvature of the lumbar spine increase between the ages of 7 and 17?
Approximately 10%.
What factors influence spinal curves?
Hereditary factors, pathological conditions, an individual’s mental state, and the forces the spine is habitually subjected to.
What is the ideal posture for the spine throughout life?
The spine should maintain its natural posture, but distortions can occur.
What is lordosis?
An exaggerated lumbar curve that typically results from a strength imbalance between the lower back muscles and weakened abdominal muscles.
What is kyphosis?
An exaggerated thoracic curve, often resulting from Scheuermann’s disease, which leads to the development of wedge-shaped vertebrae.
What is scoliosis?
An exaggerated lateral deviation of the spine that can be caused by carrying heavy items on one side.
What is the functional unit of the spine?
The motion segment, which consists of two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissue between them.
What are the purposes of the intervertebral disks?
To absorb shock and aid in the movement of adjacent vertebrae.
What movements are primarily associated with the cervical region?
Flexion (sagittal) and lateral flexion (frontal), with a special design for rotation.
What muscles are involved in flexion of the head?
Bilateral tension development by neck muscles, including the hyoid muscles.
What is torticollis?
A spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, leading to a clinical condition popularly known as wryneck.
What does the neutral zone refer to in spinal movements?
A range of movements without passive resistance.
How does the thoracic region’s rib cage affect movement?
It limits sagittal (flexion) and frontal (lateral flexion) movements, with rotation being the most mobile direction.
What are the major structural limitations to rotation in the lumbar region?
The articular processes.
What is the balloon theory regarding the Nucleus Pulposus?
It suggests that bulging occurs on the opposite side of spinal flexion.
How do facet joints assist the spine?
They help sustain loads on the spine, particularly during hyperextension.
What are spondylolesthesis and spondylolysis?
Conditions associated with hyperextension and instability in the lumbar spine.
What is included in the axial skeleton?
The spine or vertebral column and the thoracic region which includes the rib cage and its connections to the vertebral column.
How much does the curvature of the lumbar spine increase between the ages of 7 and 17?
Approx. 10%.
What factors influence spinal curves?
Hereditary, pathological conditions, an individual’s mental state, and the habitual forces acting on the spine.
What is the ideal alignment of the spine throughout life?
The spine should maintain its natural posture.
What are the three common spinal misalignments?
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
Define lordosis.
An exaggerated lumbar curve, typically resulting from a strength imbalance between the lower back muscles and weakened abdominal muscles.
What is a common cause of lower back pain (LBP)?
Lordosis.
Define kyphosis.
An exaggerated thoracic curve.
What is Scheuermann’s disease?
A condition that causes the development of wedge-shaped vertebrae due to abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior.
Who is often seen with kyphosis?
Elderly women with osteoporosis.
Define scoliosis.
An exaggerated lateral deviation of the spine.
What can cause scoliosis?
Carrying books or a heavy purse on one side.
What characterizes severe scoliosis?
Extreme lateral deviations and localized rotation of the spine.
What is the functional unit of the spine called?
The motion segment.
What does the motion segment consist of?
Two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissue between them.
What is the purpose of the intervertebral disks?
To absorb shock and aid in the movement of adjacent vertebrae.
What are the major movements of the cervical region?
Saggital (flexion) and Frontal (lateral flexion), designed for rotation.
What is the role of the hyoid muscles?
Their main function may be to move the hyoid bone during swallowing.
What happens with shortening of neck muscles and forward head position?
It leads to hyperextension.
What is the extensor moment?
It balances the weight of the head (flexor moment).
How does forward head alignment affect flexion moments?
It increases the flexion moment at C7/T1.
What is lateral flexion and rotation of the head influenced by?
Unilateral tension in the ipsilateral pre-vertebrals.
What is torticollis?
A spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, also known as wryneck.
What is a neutral zone for movements without passive resistance?
It is the safe range of motion for the spine.
What are whip-lash injuries associated with?
Injuries to the cervical spine.
What is the stability of the cervical spine often compared to?
A ‘guy wire’ arrangement.
What are the major movements of the thoracic region limited by?
The rib cage.
What is the most mobile direction of movement in the thoracic region?
Rotation.
What movements are relatively free in the lumbar region?
Saggital and Frontal planar movements.
What is the most restricted movement in the lumbar region?
Rotation.
What are the major structural limitations to rotation in the lumbar region?
The articular processes.
What are the two theories on the direction of bulging of the nucleus pulposus?
The Balloon Theory (opposite side) and the ‘Other Theory’ (same side as spinal flexion).
What causes fibers on the expanded side to tighten and push the nucleus pulposus?
Movement to the concave, compressed side.
What does the criss-cross arrangement of collagen in the lumbar region result in?
It results in only a portion of the annular fibers being loaded during rotation.
What assistance do the facet joints provide?
They assist in sustaining loads on the spine, particularly during hyperextension.
What is spondylolisthesis?
A condition where a vertebra slips out of place.
What is spondylolysis?
A defect in the vertebra that can lead to spondylolisthesis.
What does hyperextension refer to in spinal terms?
Excessive extension beyond the normal range of motion.
