chapter 9

Question 1

What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

Answer 1

B cells release molecules that seek antigens in blood and other bodily fluids to neutralize them

B cells produce immunoglobulin, which acts as antibodies.

Question 2

What are memory B cells and their purpose?

Answer 2

Memory B cells are created to enable a faster immune response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen.

Question 3

What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?

Answer 3

T cells do not produce antibodies but play a crucial role in cellular immunity.

Question 4

What do Killer T cells do?

Answer 4

Killer T cells directly destroy viruses and cancer cells.

Question 5

What is the function of memory T cells?

Answer 5

Memory T cells are created to speed future responses to the same antigen.

Question 6

What role do T4 cells (Helper T cells) play in the immune system?

Answer 6

T4 cells enhance the immune response by signaling B cells to produce antibodies and instructing other T cells to destroy the antigen.

Question 7

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 7

An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system attacks the body’s normal cells rather than external antigens.

Question 8

What does psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) study?

Answer 8

PNI studies the psychological influences on neurological responses implicated in the immune response.

Question 9

What is the median time from initial HIV infection to full-blown AIDS?

Answer 9

7.3 to 10 years or more.

Question 10

What is AIDS-related complex (ARC)?

Answer 10

ARC refers to minor health problems that may develop after several months to years of no symptoms, such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

Question 11

How do stress reduction programs affect individuals with AIDS?

Answer 11

Stress reduction improves immune system functioning and slows disease progression.

Question 12

What factors influence the development and course of AIDS?

Answer 12

Psychological, behavioral, and social factors.

Question 13

What is oncology?

Answer 13

The study of cancer.

Question 14

What does psychoncology focus on?

Answer 14

The study of psychological factors and their relation to cancer.

Question 15

What are some psychological and behavioral contributions to cancer?

Answer 15

Contributions include perceived lack of control, inadequate coping responses, overwhelming stressful life events, lifestyle risk behaviors, and psychological factors involved in chemotherapy.

Question 16

What is hypertension?

Answer 16

Hypertension is high blood pressure and a major risk factor for stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease.

Question 17

What happens to blood pressure when blood vessels constrict?

Answer 17

Blood pressure increases as more blood is forced to muscles in the central parts of the body.

Question 18

What is essential hypertension?

Answer 18

Essential hypertension is the most common form of high blood pressure.

Question 19

What do systolic and diastolic blood pressure represent?

Answer 19

Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart pumps blood; diastolic blood pressure is the pressure between beats when the heart is at rest.

Question 20

Why is hypertension referred to as the ‘silent killer’?

Answer 20

It often has no symptoms but can lead to severe health issues.

Question 21

What are some contributing factors to hypertension?

Answer 21

Factors include age, race, salt intake, fluid volume, sympathetic arousal, stress, anger, and hostility.