Chapter 9 Flashcards
The full potential of labor
can be utilized only if there
is mobility in labor.
Paul Hoffman
The movement of
workers between
occupations,
firms, industries,
or countries.
Labor mobility
can affect
workers on both
personal level
and aggregate
level.
Labor mobility
TYPES OF MOBILITY
Voluntary mobility
Involuntary mobility
occurs when workers choose to move to another job or location in pursuit of better wages, benefits, or working conditions.
Voluntary mobility
occurs when workers are forced to move due to job loss, downsizing, or
other economic pressures
Involuntary mobility
relates to a worker’s
ability to work in a certain physical area.
Geographic mobility
refers to a worker’s
ability to switch occupations
Occupational mobility
TWO TYPES OF LABOR MOBILITY
Geographic mobility
Occupational mobility
The movement of
workers within the same country, from one region or city to another.
Internal labor mobility.
The movement
of workers across national borders, from one
country to another.
International labor mobility.
is the movement of people from one place to
another, usually over a long distance and with the
intention of settling in the new location.
Migration
can be driven by a variety of factors, including economic opportunity, political instability, conflict, persecution, and the search for a better quality of life.
Migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION
By political boundaries
▪ By area of origin or destination
▪ By movement patterns
▪ BY decision-making approach
By Political Boundaries
Internal Migration.
International Migration.
Within the same country, including
crossing political boundaries, rural to urban and urban to
suburban.
Internal Migration.
The migration that occurs
between countries or across country boundaries.
International Migration.
By Area of Origin or Destination
Emigration (out-migration)
Immigration (in-migration)
refers to the migration of
persons from an area of origin. The area of origin is the area
or community where the migration began.
Emigration (out-migration)
refers to the residential migration
of persons to an area of destination. The area of destination is
the area or community where the migration ended.
Immigration (in-migration)
By Movement Patterns
Step migration.
▪ Circular migration.
▪ Chain migration.
Initiating from a small settlement and going to a
larger settlement in the urban hierarchy over the years.
Step migration.
Cyclical movement between origin and
destination settlements, typically for employment. It includes seasonal
migration (driven by seasonal peaks in labor demand) and return
migration (the migration of persons back to their area of origin at some
time after their initial movement).
▪ Circular migration.
Occurs after a small number of groups move to a
host destination and are followed by others in the community
▪ Chain migration.
By Decision making
Voluntary migration
Involuntary migration
Forced:
movement based on a person’s free will and
initiative, which could involve weighing options and choices.
Voluntary migration.
Reluctant/impelled/imposed: Not forced, but
caused by unfavourable situations.
Involuntary migration.
Involuntary migration due to environmental and political
factors.
Forced
Involuntary migration due to environmental and political
factors. These include
Refugees.
▪ Asylees.
▪ Internally displaced people (IDPs).
Individuals who are unable to return home.
Refugees.
Individuals undergoing legal procedures to qualify as refugees
in a host country.
Asylees.
Individuals who are forced to leave
but do not cross any boundaries
Internally displaced people (IDPs).
refers to the migration balance of an area,
consisting of the number of in-migrants minus the number
of out-migrants; the net balance may be positive
(representing a net population gain to the area) or negative
(representing a net loss) or, conceivably, zero
Net migration
is the sum of migration for an area and is
comprised of the in-migration into the area plus the outmigration
from the area.
Gross migration
is an area’s net migration divided by
its gross migration. Migration in an area may be efficient or
inefficient. For
Migration efficiency
Measures of Migration
Emigration Rate.
Immigration Rate.
Net Migration Rate.
Gross Migration Rate.
Migration Efficiency Ratio.
The number of emigrants departing an
area of origin per 1,000 population in that area of origin in a
given year. It is computed using the formula, (O / P) ∗
1,000
Emigration Rate.
The number of immigrants
arriving at a destination per 1,000 population at
that destination in a given year. It is computed
using the formula, (I / P) ∗ 1,000
Immigration Rate.
The difference between the number of persons
entering and leaving a country during the year, per 1,000 persons. It
is computed using the formula, [(I – O) / P] ∗ 1,000
Net Migration Rate.
The sum of in-migrants and out-migrants of
a geographical political area per 1,000 mid-year population. It is
computed using the formula, [(I + O) / P] ∗ 1,000
Gross Migration Rate.
. It is defined as the net migration of the
area (in-migrants minus out-migrants) divided by the total number
of moves whose origin or destination is that area (in-migrants plus
out-migrants) multiplied by 100 = [(I – O) / (I + O)] ∗ 100
Migration Efficiency Ratio
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
▪ Economic Factors
▪ Sociopolitical Factors
▪ Ecological factors
The favorable attributes of a location are ___________
which attract a person.
pull factors,
The unfavorable attributes
operating at a location are the __________ which
force or compel a person to move away.
push factors,
▪ Unemployment or lack of employment
opportunities
▪ Rural poverty
▪ Unsustainable livelihood
Economic Push Factors
Job opportunities
▪ Better income and prospects for
▪ wealth creation
▪ Industrial innovation and
▪ technical know-how for a new industry
▪ Pursuit of specialized education
Economic pull factors
Political instability
▪ Safety and security concerns (ethnic,
religious, racial or cultural persecution)
▪ Conflicts or threat of a conflict
▪ Slavery or bonded labour
▪ Inadequate or limited urban services and
infrastructure
▪ (including healthcare, education, utilities,
transport and water)
Socio political push factors
Family reunification
▪ Independence and freedom
▪ Integration and social cohesion
▪ Food security
▪ Affordable and accessible urban
▪ Services (including healthcare, education, utilities
and transport)
Socio-political Pull factors
Climate change (including extreme weather
events)
▪ Crop failure and scarcity of food
Ecological push factors
Abundance of natural resources and minerals
(e.g. water, oil, uranium)
▪ Favourable climate
ecological pull factors
is a measure of the increase in national income
that occurs as a result of immigration. Immigration raises national income by
more than it costs to employ immigrants.
▪ The immigrant surplus
are financial or in-kind transfers made by migrants directly to
families or communities in their countries of origin.
Remittances
are funds,
transferred by migrant workers directly to families or communities in their
home country.
Remittances
STYLIZED FACTS ABOUT LABOR
MIGRATION
Labor migration tends to be driven by economic factors, such as the
search for higher wages or better working conditions.
▪ Migrants are often younger and more educated than the general
population in their countries of origin.
▪ Migration tends to be a more common option for men than for women,
although the gender gap in migration rates has been decreasing over
time.
▪ Migrants often come from rural areas and move to urban areas, both
within their countries of origin and in other countries.
Many migrants are part of a larger family network and may have family
members who have migrated before them or who are planning to migrate in
the future.
▪ Migrants often face challenges and barriers in their destination countries,
including discrimination, language barriers, and difficulty finding work.
▪ The impact of migration on the sending and receiving countries can be
complex, with both positive and negative effects on the economies and
societies of both places.
▪ There is often a significant cultural exchange between migrants and their
host communities, which can lead to the sharing of customs, traditions, and
ideas.
