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Psychology Chapter 9 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

wants, needs, interests, and desires (motivation involves goal-directed behavior)

A

Motives

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2
Q

hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension (disruptions of equilibrium)

A

A drive

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3
Q

person is motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive reduction

A

Experiencing A Drive

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4
Q

external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior

A

incentive

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5
Q

A on a test, ice cream, a juicy steak, a monetary prize

A

Incentives

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6
Q

internal states push people in certain directions

A

Drive Theories

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7
Q

emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions

A

Incentive Theories

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8
Q

those who take on an evolutionary perspective argue that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success (passing on genes to the next generation)

A

Evolutionary Theories

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9
Q

need for belongingness (adaptive benefits)

A

Affiliation motive

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10
Q

verified what most people have noticed based on casual observation: there is an association between stomach contractions and the experience of hunger (theorized the contractions CAUSE hunger)

A

Walter Cannon and A. L. Washburn

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11
Q

Lab animal research shows that experience of hunger is controlled in which area of the brain

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Lateral hypothalamus destroyed?

A

no interest in eating

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13
Q

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus destroyed?

A

Ate excessively

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14
Q

Today, it is believed that the ______ nucleus and…

A

arcuate

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15
Q

the ___________ nucleus play a larger role in modulation of hunger

A

paraventricular

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16
Q

carries information about the stretching of the stomach walls that indicates whether the stomach is full

A

Vagus Nerve

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17
Q

causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger.

A

Ghrelin

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18
Q

long-term regulator of hunger as well as regulation of numerous other functions. produced by fat cells and released into the bloodstream. It provides the hypothalamus with information about body’s fat stores

A

Leptin

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19
Q

hormone secreted by the pancreas is also sensitive to fluctuations in the body’s fat stores.

A

insulin

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20
Q

better the food tastes, the more consumed

A

Palatability

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21
Q

powerful determinant of amount eaten is amount available. More food people are served, the more they will eat.

A

Quantity Available

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22
Q

humans and animal increase their consumption when there is a greater _______ of foods available.

A

Variety

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23
Q

Taste preferences are a partial function of learned associations through

A

Classical Conditioning

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24
Q

weight (in kilos) divided by height (in meters) squared

A

BMI

25
Q

BMI of 25-29.9

A

Overweight

26
Q

BMI of 30 or more

A

obese

27
Q

found that identical twins reared apart were far more similar in BMI than fraternal.

A

Stunkard

28
Q

Those who work to gain weight normally struggle to keep it on. This suggests that everyone may have

A

set point (natural point of stability)

29
Q

why has obesity increased dramatically in recent decades?

A

physiological processes that defend against weight loss are much stronger than those that defend against weight gain

30
Q

Their work yielded a detailed description of the human sexual response that eventually won them widespread acclaim.

A

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

31
Q

Level of physical arousal usually escalates rapidly. In both genders, muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase quickly.

A

Excitement

32
Q

Physiological arousal continues to build but at a much slower pace. When foreplay is lengthy, arousal tends to fluctuate

A

Plateau

33
Q

occurs when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area.

A

Orgasm

34
Q

the physiological changes produced by sexual arousal gradually subside

A

Resolution

35
Q

refers to what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities (to pursue other goals) to produce and nurture offspring

A

Parental investment

36
Q

Male reproductive potential is maximized by

A

mating with as many females as possible

37
Q

Females optimize their reproductive potential by

A

being selective in mating over male dominance

38
Q

predicts that in comparison with women, men will show more interest in sexual activity, more desire for variety in sexual partners, and more willingness to engage in uncommitted sex

A

Parental investment theory

39
Q

found that college men indicated that they would ideally like to have 18 sex partners across their lives. College women say 5

A

Buss and Schmitt

40
Q

average-looking men approach female strangers and ask if they wanted to go back to the man’s apartment and have sex with them. All to which said no. But when the roles were reversed, 75% said yes

A

Clark and Hatfield

41
Q

argued that a male is likely to become gay when raised by a weak, detached, ineffectual father who is a poor heterosexual role model as well as an overprotective, overly attached mother, that the boy identifies with

A

Freudian theorists

42
Q

need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

A

Achievement Motive

43
Q

Research on achievement motivation is measured by

A

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) (pictures of people in ambiguous scenes)

44
Q

Strength of one’s motivation to achieve success, which is viewed as a stable aspect of personality

One’s estimate of the probability of success for the task at hand; such estimates vary from task to task

The incentive value of success, which depends on the tangible and intangible rewards for success on the specific task

A

Situational Determinants of Achievement Behavior

45
Q

A subjective conscious experience (cognitive component), accompanied by

Bodily arousal (physiological)

Characteristic overt expressions (behavioral component)

Close to AMYGDALA

A

Emotion

46
Q

efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events

A

Affective Forecasting

47
Q

Much arousal associated with emotion occurs through the actions of the

A

ANS

48
Q

Responsible for “fight or flight” controlled by the release of adrenal hormones

A

Autonomic Nervous System (2)

49
Q

polygraph/lie detector: a device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned

A

William Marston

50
Q

believes that this rapid-response pathway evolved because it is a highly adaptive warning system that can “be the difference between life and death.”

A

LeDoux

51
Q

facial-feedback hypothesis assert that facial muscles send signals to the brain and that these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing.

A

Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen

52
Q

photographed facial expressions of congenitally blind judo athletes and sighted judo athletes. Photos were taken just after the athletes had won or lost their final matches. The facial expressions of sighted and blind athletes were indistinguishable.

A

David Matsumoto and Bob Willingham

53
Q

are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions

A

Display Rules

54
Q

urged psychologists to explore the functions of consciousness. He developed a theory of emotion more than 135 years ago that still remains influential.

He and Carl Lange proposed that the conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal

A

William James

55
Q

You may assume because your heart is racing because your scared, but__________ claims you’re scared because your heart is racing

A

James-Lange theory

56
Q

pointed out that physiological arousal can occur without emotional experience (exercise).

A

Cannon

57
Q

argues that emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the ANS.

A

Cannon-Bard

58
Q

asserted that people look at situational cues to differentiate between alternative emotions. The experience of emotion depends on two factors:

Autonomic arousal and

Cognitive interpretation of that arousal

A

Schachter

59
Q

consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli. Emotions should be immediately recognizable under most conditions, without much thought.

A

Evolutionary theories

Psychology Chapter 9 (2 decks)

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