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A&P Lecture > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous characteristics

A
  • lacks synovial cavity
  • articulating bones are held together with dense fibrous connective tissue
  • little to no movement
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2
Q

Fibrous examples

A
  • Sutures
  • syndesmoses (gomphosis)
  • interosseous membrane (between ulna and radius)
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3
Q

Cartilaginous characteristics

A
  • lacks synovial cavity
  • articulating bones are held together with cartilage connective tissue
    -little to no movement
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4
Q

Cartilaginous examples

A

-synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)
-symphysis
- Epiphyseal cartilage

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5
Q

Synovial characteristics

A
  • Synovial cavity
  • articulating bones are covered with articular cartilage held together by ligaments, contain synovial fluid, have nerve and blood supply, surrounded by an articular capsule
    -Large range of movement
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6
Q

Synarthroses

A
  • Allow no movement
    Ex. Suture, gomphosis
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7
Q

Amphiarthrose

A
  • Allow little movement
    Ex. Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
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8
Q

Diarthroses

A
  • Freely movable
    Ex. Hip, knee, shoulder, elbow
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9
Q

Synovial joint structure

A
  • Synovial cavity
  • diarthrosis (freely movable)
  • layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
    -nerve supply
  • articular capsule
  • fibrous capsule
  • synovial membrane
  • synovial fluid
  • articular disc
  • menisci
    -Ligament
    -Labrum
  • bursae
  • tendon sheaths
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10
Q

Articular capsule

A

encloses the synovial cavity and unties the articulating bones

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11
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

outer layer of articular capsule (contains ligament)

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12
Q

Synovial membrane

A

inner layer of articular capsule (secretes a lubricating and joint nourishing synovial fluid)

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13
Q

Synovial fluid

A

viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid named for its similarity in appearance and consistency to uncooked egg white

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14
Q

Articular disc

A

modifies the shape of a joint surface; helps maintain stability of the joint; directs flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction

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15
Q

Menisci

A

articular disc

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16
Q

Ligament

A

holds bone to bone

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17
Q

Labrum

A

fibrocartilage lip that extends from edge of joint socket; helps deepen the joint socket; increase the area of contact between socket and ball

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18
Q

Bursae

A

sac-like structure filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

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19
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

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20
Q

Plain (plantar) joint

A
  • Side to side and back and forth
    Ex. Nanaxial, interfarsals, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal
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21
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • Flexion or extension in a single plane
    Ex. Elbow, knee, Anne, and interphalangeal joints
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22
Q

Pivot joint

A
  • Rotational and monaxial
    Ex. Atlas rotating on axis
23
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction
Ex. Joint between carpals and radius

24
Q

Saddle joint

A

Flexion-extension, abduction- addiction, and circumduction
Ex. Between thumb and carpals

25
Q

Ball-and-socket

A

Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, and circumduction
Ex. Hip and shoulder

26
Q

Gliding

A

• Gliding movements occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth
and from side to side with respect to one another.
• In gliding joints there is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones.
• Gliding movements occur at plantar joints.
• The intercarpal and intertarsal joints are examples of articulations where gliding
movements occu

27
Q

Angular movements

A

• increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
• The principal angular movements are flexion, extension, and hyperextension

28
Q

Flexion

A

• results in a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

29
Q

Extension

A

•results in an increase in the angle between articulating bones

30
Q

Lateral flexion

A

• involves the movement of the trunk sideways, to the right or left, at the waist. The
movement occurs in the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints

31
Q

Hyerextension

A

• continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position and is usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones.

32
Q

Abduction

A

(ab- = away; -duct- = to lead) or radial deviation is the movement of a bone away from the midlin

33
Q

Adduction

A

(ad- = toward) or ulnar deviation is the movement of a bone toward the midline

34
Q

Circumduction

A

(circ- = circle) is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

35
Q

Rotation

A

• a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
• Pivot and ball-and-socket joints permit rotation

36
Q

Medial rotation

A

• anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline

37
Q

Lateral rotation

A

• anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned away from the midline

38
Q

Elevation

A

• upward movement of a part of the bone

39
Q

Depression

A

• downward movement of a part of the bone

40
Q

Protraction

A

• movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane

41
Q

Retraction

A

• movement of a protracted part back to the anatomical position

42
Q

Inversion

A

• movement of the soles medially at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other

43
Q

Eversion

A

•movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other

44
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

• refers to bending the foot at the ankle in the direction of the superior surface

45
Q

Plantar flexion

A

• involves bending the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar surface

46
Q

Supination

A

• movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly or superior

47
Q

Pronation

A

• movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the
distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly

48
Q

Opposition

A

• movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves
across the palm to touch the tips of the finger on the same hand

49
Q

Factors affecting motion

Structure or shape of articulating bones

A

• structure or shape of the articulating bones determines how closely they can fit
together. The articular surfaces of some bones have a complementary relationship. An interlocking fit allows rotational movement

50
Q

Factors affecting motion

Strength and tension of joint ligaments

A

• different components of a fibrous capsule are tense or taut only when the
joint is in certain positions. Tense ligaments not only restrict the range of motion but also direct the movement of the articulating bones with respect to each other

51
Q

Factors affecting motion

Arrangement and tension of muscles

A

• Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments, and thus restricts movement

52
Q

Factors affecting motion

Contact of soft parts

A

• The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility. For example, if you bend your arm at the elbow, it can move no farther after the anterior surface of the forearm meets with and presses against the biceps brachii muscle of the arm. Joint movement may also be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue

53
Q

Factors affecting motion

Hormones

A

• Joint flexibility may also be affected by hormones. For example, relaxin, a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries, increases the flexibility of the fibrocartilage of the pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between the sacrum, hip bone, and coccyx
toward the end of pregnancy. These changes permit expansion of the pelvic outlet, which assists in delivery of the baby

54
Q

Factors affecting motion

Disuse

A

• Movement at a joint may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period. For example, if an elbow joint is immobilized by a cast, range of motion at the joint may be limited for a time after the cast is removed. Disuse may also result in
decreased amounts of synovial fluid, diminished flexibility of ligaments and tendons, and muscular atrophy, a reduction in size or wasting of a muscle

A&P Lecture (3 decks)

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