chapter 9 Flashcards
a single cell formed by an egg and sperm.
zygote
what are the five phases of early neurodevelopment?
- neural plate induction
- neural proliferation
- migration and aggregation
- axon growth and synapse formation
- neuron death and synapse rearrangement
what are the five stem cells?
- totipotent
- pluripotent
- multipotent
- unipotent
these are the most versatile cells
totipotent
they are highly versatile and can become almost any cell type, but they can not form an organism.
pluripotent
as development progresses further _____ differentiate into more specialized multipotent cells
multipotent
the most specialized stem cells. ______ can produce only one type of cell.
unipotent
what are the two key properties of stem cells that make them important for development
- self-renewal
- versatility
stem cells can renew themselves almost indefinitely if maintained in the right conditions.
self-renewal
stem cells can develop into many kinds of cells, which is crucial for nervous system development.
versatility
at three weeks post conception, the neural platr, a patch of ectodermal tissue, forms. - the first step toward nervous system development.
neural plate induction
the development of the ______ is triggered by chemical signal from the mesoderm beneath it.
neural plate
is sometimes called an organizer
mesoderm
the neural plate folds to create the _______ as the lips of the groove come together, they form neural tube.
neural groove
the inside of the neural tube, eventually becomes the? ______ and ______
cerebral ventricles and spinal canal
the inside of the neural tube, eventually becomes the? ______ and ______
cerebral ventricles and spinal canal
by around ___ days after conception, three swellings appear at the front of the neural tube, which will later on form the brain
40 days
induction of the neural plate consists of?
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
the outermost layer of embryonic cells from which skin, nerves, and certain other structures develop.
ectoderm
a type of germ layer that can be found between the endoderm and ectoderm that is responsible for forming bones and cartilages.
mesoderm
the innermost layer that is the source of the epithelium of the digestive tract and its derivatives and of the lower respiratory tract.
endoderm
after the neural tube forms from the fusion of the neural groove, the cells inside the tube begin to proliferate, increasing rapidly in number— up to 4 million cells per hour.
neural proliferation
the pattern of cell proliferation is specific to different parts of the neural tube, leading to the formation of distinct brain regions like the _______,_______, and ________
foreboding
midbrain
hindbrain
is responsible for voluntary actions, thinking and processing information. The forebrain also interprets sensory input and makes decisions.
forebrain
processing visual and auditory signals.
midbrain
the main purpose of the ______ is to regulate vital functions, such as breathing, heart rate, sleep and wakefulness. (ans taste)
hindbrain
after neurons migrate to their designated areas, they must align with other neurons to form proper structures.
migration and aggregation
established the structural layers or the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex, by positioning excitatory neurons in the correct layers. (straightline)
radial migration
distributes inhibitory inter neurons across different brain regions ensuring proper balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals… (parallel)
tangential migration
is though to occur through three main mechanisms
aggregation
