chapter 9

Question 1

Equity Theory

Answer 1

A theory of motivation that holds that worker satisfaction is influenced by employees’ perceptions about how fairly they are treated compared with their coworkers.

Question 2

Expectancy Theory

Answer 2

A theory of motivation that holds that the probability of an individual acting in a particular way depends on the strength of that individual’s belief that the act will have a particular outcome and on whether the individual values that outcome.

Question 3

Goal-Setting Theory

Answer 3

A theory of motivation based on the premise that an individual’s intention to work toward a goal is a primary source of motivation.

Question 4

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 4

the phenomenon that employees perform better when they feel singled out for attention or feel that management is concerned about their welfare.

Question 5

Hygiene Factors

Answer 5

Extrinsic elements of the work environment that do not serve as a source of employee satisfaction or motivation.

Question 6

Job Enlargement

Answer 6

The horizontal expansion of a job by increasing the number and variety of tasks that a person performs.

Question 7

Job Enrichment

Answer 7

The vertical expansion of a job by increasing the employee’s autonomy, responsibility, and decision-making authority.

Question 8

Job Rotation

Answer 8

he shifting of workers from one job to another; also called cross-training.

Question 9

Job Sharing

Answer 9

A scheduling option that allows two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job.

Question 10

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 10

A theory of motivation developed by Abraham Maslow; holds that humans have five levels of needs and act to satisfy their unmet needs. At the base of the hierarchy are fundamental physiological needs, followed in order by safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Question 11

Motivating Factors

Answer 11

intrinsic job elements that lead to worker satisfaction.

Question 12

Motivation

Answer 12

Something that prompts a person to release his or her energy in a certain direction.

Question 13

Reinforcement Theory

Answer 13

A theory of motivation that holds that people do things because they know that certain consequences will follow.

Question 14

Scientific Management

Answer 14

A system of management developed by Frederick W. Taylor and based on four principles: developing a scientific approach for each element of a job, scientifically selecting and training workers, encouraging cooperation between workers and managers, and dividing work and responsibility between management and workers according to who can better perform a particular task.

Question 15

Theory X

Answer 15

A management style, formulated by Douglas McGregor, that is based on a pessimistic view of human nature and assumes that the average person dislikes work, will avoid it if possible, prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility, and wants security above all.

Question 16

Theory Y

Answer 16

A management style, formulated by Douglas McGregor, that is based on a relatively optimistic view of human nature; assumes that the average person wants to work, accepts responsibility, is willing to help solve problems, and can be self-directed and self-controlled.

Question 17

Theory Z

Answer 17

A theory developed by William Ouchi that combines U.S. and Japanese business practices by emphasizing long-term employment, slow career development, moderate specialization, group decision-making, and individual responsibility within a group context.