Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Nephr/o
A
Kidneys
2
Q
Ren/o
A
Kidneys
3
Q
Kidneys
A
Nephr/o, ren/o
Filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body
4
Q
Pyel/o
A
Renal pelvis or bowl of kidney
5
Q
Renal pelvis
A
Pyel/o
Collects urine produced by the kidneys
6
Q
Ur/o
A
Urine or urinary tract
7
Q
Urin/o
A
Urine
8
Q
Urine
A
Ur/o, urin/o
Liquid waste products to be excreted
9
Q
Ureter/o
A
Ureters
10
Q
Ureters
A
Ureter/o
Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
11
Q
Cyst/o
A
Urinary bladder, cyst, or sac of fluid
12
Q
Urinary bladder
A
Cyst/o
Stores urine until it is excreted
13
Q
Urethr/o
A
Urethra
14
Q
Urethra
A
Urethr/o
Transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted
15
Q
Prostat/o
A
Prostate
16
Q
Prostate
A
Prostat/o
A gland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra. Disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine
17
Q
-cele
A
Hernia, tumor, or swelling
18
Q
Dia-
A
Through, between, apart, or complete
19
Q
-ectasis
A
Enlargement, stretching, or dilation
20
Q
Glomerul/o
A
Glomerulus
21
Q
Lith/o
A
Stone or calculus
22
Q
-lysis
A
Separation, breakdown, setting free, destruction or loosening
23
Q
-pexy
A
Surgical fixation
24
Q
-tripsy
A
To crush
25
-uria
Urination or urine
26
Ablation
The removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods. This term is used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer
27
Anuria
The absence of urine formation by the kidneys. An- means without, -uria means urine. This condition is often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction
28
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH. An abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50. Also known as benign prostate hypertrophy or enlarged prostate. This condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men. It is not caused by cancer or infection
29
Chronic kidney disease
CKD. The progressive loss of renal function over months or years. Also known as chronic renal disease or kidney failure. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease. The buildup of waste in the blood from chronic kidney disease can be a contributing factor in heart attacks and strokes
30
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder. Cyst means bladder, -itis means inflammation
31
Cystocele
A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall, also called a prolapsed bladder. Cyst/o means bladder, -Cele means hernia. This sometimes occurs as a result of pregnancy or childbirth
32
Cystolith
A stone located in the urinary bladder. Cyst/o means bladder, -lith means stone
33
Cystopexy
The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall. Cyst/o means bladder, -pexy means surgical fixation
34
Cystoscopy
The visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope. Cyst/o means bladder, -scopy means visual examination.
35
Dialysis
A procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function. Dia- means complete or through, -lysis means separation
36
Diuresis
The increased output of urine. Di- means through, -uresis means urination
37
Edema
Excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, the abdomen, or the legs and feet
38
End-stage renal disease
The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant
39
Enuresis
The involuntary discharge of urine. En- means into,-uresis means urination
40
Epispadias
A congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening. In the male, the opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris
41
Extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy
ESWL. The use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine. Most common kidney stone treatment. Lith/o means stone, -tripsy means to crush.
42
Glomerulonephritis
A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine. Glomerul/o means glomeruli, nephr means kidney, -itis means inflammation
43
Hemodialysis
A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys. Hem/o means blood, Dia means complete or through,-lysis means separation. Most common type of dialysis. The cleansed blood is returned to the body through a vein. These treatments each take around four hours and must be repeated about three times a week. They can be done at a hospital, a dialysis center, or at home with the necessary equipment
44
Hydronephrosis
The dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine. Hydr/o means water, nephr means kidney, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter
45
Hydroureter
Distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked. Hydr/o means water,-ureter means ureter
46
Hyperproteinuria
The presence of abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine. Hyper- means excessive, protein means protein, -uria means urine
47
Hypoproteinemia
The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood. Hypo- means deficient or decreased, protein means protein, -emia means blood condition
48
Hypospadias
A congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening . In the male, the urethral opening is on the ventral side (underside) of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina
49
Incontinence
The inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces
50
Interstitial cystitis
A chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis, however, they do not respond to traditional treatment.
51
Intravenous pyelography
A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract. Also known as excretory urography. Pyel/o means renal pelvis, -graphy means the process of creating a picture or record. A contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in the resulting image. This test is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, rumors, and internal injuries after an abdominal trauma
52
Nephrolith
A stone located in the kidneys, also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone. Nephr/o means kidney, -lith means stones
53
Nephrolithiasis
The presence of a stone or stones in the kidneys. Nephr/o means kidney, -lithiasis means presence of stones. As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged
54
Nephrolysis
The freeing of a kidney from adhesions. Nephr/o means kidney, -lysis means setting free. The term nephrolysis can also describe a pathological condition in which there is destruction of renal cells. -lysis also means destruction
55
Nephrons
The microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Each nephron contains a glomerus surrounded by the Bowman's capsule and a renal tubule. Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons. After passing through the filtration system of the glomerus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the renal vein. The remaining filtrate flows into the renal tubule, where elements, including some water, sugar, and salts, are returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary. Remaining waste products are continually converted into urine, which is transported to the renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into the ureters. If waste products are not efficiently removed from the bloodstream, the body cannot maintain homeostasis with a stable balance of salts and other substances
56
Nephropathy
Any kidney disease including degenerative and inflammatory conditions. Nephr/o means kidney, -pathy means disease
57
Nephroptosis
The prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands, also known as a floating kidney. Nephr/o means kidney, -ptosis means droop or sag
58
Nephropyosis
Suppuration of the kidney. Also known as pyonephrosis. Nephr/o means kidney, py means pus, -osis means abnormal condition or disease.
59
Nephrostomy
The placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body. Nephr means kidney, -ostomy means creating an opening. In a kidney affected by hydronephrosis, this allows urine from the kidney to be drained directly through the lower back. Nephrostomy tubes are also used to gain access to the kidneys for diagnostic procedures
60
Nephrotic syndrome
A groups of conditions in which excessive amounts of proteins are lost in the urine. This condition, which is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, resulting in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood. Also known as nephrosis. Nephr/o means kidney, -tic means pertaining to. Causes of nephrotic syndrome include diabetes mellitus, infection, and kidney disorders
61
Neurogenic bladder
A urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. Neur/o means nerve, -genic means created by. Normal urinary function depends on nerves to sense when the bladder is full and to control the muscles that either retain the urine or allow the bladder to empty. Depending on the type of neurological disorder causing the problem, the bladder may empty spontaneously, resulting in incontinence. In contrast, the problem can prevent the bladder from emptying at all or from emptying completely. This can result in urinary retention with overflow leakage. Some if the causes of this condition are a tumor of the nervous system, trauma, neuropathy, or an inflammatory condition such as multiple sclerosis
62
Nocturia
Frequent and excessive urination during the night. Noct means night, -uria means urination
63
Nocturnal enuresis
Urinary incontinence during sleep. It is also known as bed-wetting
64
Oliguria
Scanty urination. Olig means scanty, -uria means urination. This can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction
65
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
The surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back. Nephr/o means kidney, lith means stone, -otomy means surgical incision. A small tube is temporarily inserted through the incision into the kidney. First urine is removed, then the stone is crushed and the pieces are removed. This procedure is used if ESWL has not been successful, if an infectionis present, or if the stone is particularly large
66
Peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood. The sterile dialysate flows into the peritoneal cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. This fluid is left in for a period of time to absorb waste products and then drained out through the tube. The process is normally repeated several times during the day and can be done using an automated system. Considered less effective than hemodialysis
67
Polycystic kidney disease
PKD. An inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney function, which eventually leads to kidney failure. Poly- means many, cyst means cyst, -ic means pertaining to
68
Polyuria
Excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes. Poly-means many, -uria means urination
69
Prostatism
A disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostat means prostate gland, -ism means condition of. This can produce difficulties with urination, including urinary retention
70
Pyelotomy
A surgical incision into the renal pelvis. Pyel means renal pelvis, -otomy means surgical incision. This procedure is performed to correct obstructions such as a stone lodged in the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter.
71
Suprapubic catheterization
The placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
72
Uremia
A toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood, also known as uremic poisoning. Ur means urine, -emia means blood condition
73
Ureterectasis
The distention (swelling) of a ureter due to a hydroureter or congenital abnormalities. Ureter means ureter, -ecstasis means enlargement
74
Ureterolith
A stone located anywhere along the ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -lith means stone
75
Ureterorrhagia
The discharge of blood from a ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -rrhagia means bleeding
76
Ureterorrhaphy
The surgical suturing of a ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing
77
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra. Urethr means urethra, -itis means inflammation
78
Urethroplasty
The surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra. Urethr/o means urethra, -plasty means surgical repair
79
Urethrorrhagia
Bleeding from the urethra. Urethr/o means urethra, -rrhagia means bleeding
80
Urethrostenosis
Narrowing of the urethra. Also called urethral stricture. Urethr/o means ureter, -stenosis means tightening or narrowing. This condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury
81
Urethrotomy
A surgical incision into the urethra for relief or stricture. Urethr means urethra, -otomy means surgical incision
82
Urinary catheterization
The insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place medication into the bladder
83
Vesicovaginal fistula
An abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina. Vagin means vagina, -al means pertaining to. May be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery such as a hysterectomy
84
Voiding cystourethrography
A diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra. Cyst/o means bladder, urethr/o means urethra, -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record. This procedure is often performed after cystography
85
Wilms tumor
A rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. There is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly
86
Functions of the urinary system
1. Maintain homeostasis
2. Maintaining proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys
3. Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste materials from the bloodstream
4. Converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excreting them from the body via the urinary bladder
87
Homeostasis
Process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. Home/o means constant, -stasis means control
88
Urea
Major waste product of protein metabolism
89
Creatinine
Waste product of muscle metabolism
90
Urinary system
Also referred to as the urinary tract. Consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra. The adrenal glands, which are part of the endocrine system, are located on the top of the kidneys
91
Prostate gland
Part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra
92
Genitourinary tract
Two body systems are sometimes referred to together where the Urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs
93
Kidneys
Constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. These are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes. About 200 quarts of blood are processed every day, producing an average of 2 quarts of urine. The kidneys also help the body maintain the proper level of fluid, produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones. The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and the lower edge of the rib cage
94
Renal
Pertaining to the kidneys. Ren means kidney (s), -al means pertaining to
95
Retroperitoneal
Behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
96
Renal cortex
Outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons
97
Cortex
Outer portion of an organ
98
Medulla
Inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules
99
Tubule
Small tube
100
Reabsorption
The return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration
101
Glomerus
A cluster of capillaries. Plural glomeruli
102
Bowman's capsule
Cup-shaped membrane
103
Renal pelvis
Funnel-sjaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters
104
Ureters
2 narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder
105
Peristalsis
A series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder
106
Orifice
Opening
107
Ureteral orifices
Through where the urine drains from the ureters into the bladder, located in the wall of the urinary bladder
108
Urinary bladder
Oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body. Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis. The average adult bladder stores more than one pint of urine. The bladder is lined with rugae.
109
Rugae
Folds in the urinary bladder that allow it to expand when full and contract when empty
110
Urethra
The tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
111
Urinary sphincters
One located at either end of the urethra. These muscular rings control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus
112
Sphincter
Ring-like muscle that closes a passageway
113
Meatus
External opening of a canal
114
Urethral meatus
Also known as urinary meatus. External opening of the urethra
115
Female urethra
Approx. 1.5 inches Ling, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina. In the female, the urethra transports only urine
116
Male urethra
Approx. 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis. This urethra transports both urine and semen
117
Prostate gland
Part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra. Most disorders of the prostate affect the male's ability to urinate
118
Urination
Also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine. Requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters. This action forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urethral meatus
119
Urinate
This is where the urge to urinate or micturate where the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra
120
Nephrologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys. Nephr means kidneys, -ologist means specialist
121
Urologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males. Ur means urine, -ologist means specialist
122
Diabetic nehproathy
Kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus
123
Renal failure
Also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to preform their function. The body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure
124
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
125
Azotemia
An Elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney. Uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic
126
ARF
Acute renal failure
127
Acute renal failure
ARF. Has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection
128
Minimal change disease
So called because the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
129
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney. Nephr means kidney, -itis means inflammation. The most common causes of nephrotis are toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease
130
Prolapse
Slipping or falling out of place
131
Suppuration
The formation or discharge of pus
132
PKD
Polycystic kidney disease
133
Renal colic
An acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone). Sometimes come in waves due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters
134
Colic
Spasms of pain in the abdomen
135
CKD
Chronic kidney disease
136
Stone
Also known as calculus, an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located. Plural calculi. These stones vary in size from small sand-like granules that pass through the body unnoticed to stones the size if marbles that can become lodged, causing acute pain. In the urinary system, stones form when waste products in the urine separate and crystallize. Normally urine contains chemicals to prevent this from happening, however dehydration and other factors may disrupt this balance
137
Cystalgia
Pain in the bladder. Cyst means bladder, -algia means pain. Also known as cystodynia
138
Interstitial
Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ
139
Vesicoureteral reflux
VUR. Backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder. Vesic/o means bladder, ureter means ureter, -al means pertaining to. It is most common in infants and children
140
VUR
Vesicoureteral reflux
141
Fistula
An abnormal passage between two internal organs
142
Neuropathy
Any disease or damage to a nerve
143
Hyperplasia
An increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth
144
BPH
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
145
Prostate cancer
One of the most common cancers among men. The disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body
146
Prostatitis
Group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland. Prostat means prostate gland, -itis means inflammation
147
Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
Most common type of prostatitis with no single known cause
148
Bacterial prostatitis
Usually results from bacteria transported in the urine
149
Urethorrhea
An abnormal discharge from the urethra. Urethr/o means urethra, -rrhea means flow or discharge. This condition is associated with some sensually transmitted diseases
150
UTI
Urinary tract infection
151
Urinary tract infection
UTI. Usually begins in the bladder, however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system. These common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E. Coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra. They occur more frequently in women because the urethra is short and located near the opening to the rectum
152
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney. Pyel/o means renal pelvis, nephr means kidney, -itis means inflammation. This is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder
153
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination. Dys-means painful, -uria means urination. This condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections
154
Nocturnal
Pertaining to night
155
Urinary hesitancy
Difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands.
156
Bashful bladder syndrome
This is known when in younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present
157
Urinary retention
Also known as ischuria, the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is often more common in men and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland
158
Urinary incontinence
The inability to control the voiding of urine
159
Overflow incontinence
Continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates
160
Stress incontinence
The inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing. This condition occurs more often in women than men
161
OAB
Overactive bladder
162
Overactive bladder
OAB. Also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate. The urinary sphincters' relaxation in response to this urgent need to urinate may result in increased urinary frequency or accidental urination. This is a common condition in adults older than 40 and may be caused by excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, urinary tract infections, neurological diseases, or bladder or prostate problems
163
Urinalysis
Examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. Urin means urine, -alysis means a study of the parts. These tests, which are used to diagnose diseases and pregnancy as well as to detect the presence of substances such as drugs
164
Distended
Enlarged
165
Bladder ultrasound
Use if a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. A normal bladder holds between 300-400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being distended
166
Endoscope
An instrument used for visual examination of internal structures
167
Cystoscope
Is used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged prostate gland
168
Computed tomography
Also known as CT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms
169
Nephrotomography
Use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys
170
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate
171
Glomerular filtration rate
GFR. A blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood. This test can help diagnose chronic kidney disease and kidney failure
172
Blood urea nitrogen test
Also an indicator of kidney function
173
Cystography
A radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter. Cyst/o means bladder, -graphy means the process of creating a picture or record
174
Cystogram
Resulting film of cystography
175
IVP
Intravenous pyelogram
176
Intravenous pyelogram
IVP. Resulting image of the intravenous pyelography
177
KUB
Kidneys, ureters, bladder. Radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium. Also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen. Used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths. Despite its name, a KUB x-ray does not show the ureters
178
Retrograde urography
A radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract. Ur/o means urine. -graphy means the process of creating a picture or record
179
Retrograde
Moving backward
180
Digital rectal examination
Performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum
181
Digital
Using a finger
182
Palpate
The use of touch to examine a body part
183
PSA
Prostate-specific antigen
184
Prostate-specific antigen blood test
Used to screen for prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen
185
Prostate-specific antigen
PSA. A protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen. The higher a man's PSA level, the more likely cancer is present
186
Diuretics
Medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt. Some foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages also have a diuretic effect
187
Antibiotics
Used to treat urinary tract infections
188
Antispasmodics
Block the signals that cause urinary incontinence
189
Nutritional interventions
Important dietary considerations for people with kidney disease include monitoring the amounts of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus in their diet
190
2 types of dialysis
1. Haemodialysis
2. Peritoneal dialysis
191
Artificial kidney
An external hemodialysis unit
192
Shunt
An artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis. A shunt implanted in the patient's arm is connected to the hemodialysis unit, and arterial blood flows through the filters of the unit
193
Dialysate
Inside the filters as part of the hemodialysis. Sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids
194
Electrolytes
The salts that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue, and blood
195
CAPD
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
196
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CAPD. Provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities. In this procedure, the dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient's clothing. About every 4 hours, the used solution is drained back into this bag and the bag is discarded. A new bag is then attached, the solution is instilled, and the process continues
197
CCPD
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
198
APD
Automated peritoneal dialysis
199
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
Or automated peritoneal dialysis
CCPD. APD. Uses a machine to Cy le the dialsate solution during the night while the patient sleeps
200
Nephropexy
Also known as nephrorrhaphy. The surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney. Nephr/o means kidney, -pexy means surgical fixation
201
Renal transplant
Commonly known as kidney transplant. The grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys. Kidney donors do not need to be genetically related to the recipient, although a tissue match increases the success rate. A single transplanted kidney is capable of adequately performing all kidney functions and frees the patient from the need for dialysis
202
Treatment of nephroliths
Most small nephroliths (kidney stones) pass out of the urinary tract naturally over a period of two days to three weeks. This process can be quite painful and is sometimes accompanied by vomiting due to the pain. Larger stones may require surgical intervention
203
Extracorpeal
Situated or occurring outside the body
204
ESWL
Extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy
205
Percutaneous
Performed through the skin
206
Ureterectomy
Surgical removal of a ureter. Ureter means ureter, -ectomy means surgical removal
207
Ureteroscopy
A treatment foe nephrolith lodged in the ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -scopy means visual examination
208
Ureteroscope
A specialized instrument is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope. If the stone is too large, a laser is used to break it up and the pieces are then removed
209
Cystectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. This procedure is usually performed to treat bladder cancer. Cyst means bladder, -ectomy means surgical removal
210
Ileal conduit
Also called urinary ileostomy. The use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen. Ile means ilieum or small intestine, -al means pertaining to
211
Cystorrhaphy
Surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder. Cyst/o means bladder, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing
212
Lithotomy
Surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder. Lith means stone, -otomy means surgical incision. Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis and lower abdomen
213
Urinary catheterization
Also known as cathing. Performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as chemotherapy solution into the bladder
214
Indwelling catheter
Remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need. This can be either a urethral or a suprapubic catheter
215
Indwelling
Residing within
216
Urethral catheterization
Performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter through the urethra and into the bladder
217
Foley catheter
Most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder. It is commonly used on postsurgical patients and is named for its inventor, surgeon Frederic Foley
218
Intermittent catheter
Also known as a short-term catheter. Is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
219
Meatotomy
Surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening. Meat means meatus, -otomy means surgical incision
220
Stricture
Abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
221
Electrocautery
The use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue
222
Prostatectomy
Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland. Prostat means prostate, -ectomy means surgical removal. This procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland, however, this treatment can lead to erectile difficulties
223
Radical prostatectomy
Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected
224
Transurethral prostatectomy
TURP. Removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope
225
TURP
Transurethral prostatectomy
226
Resectoscope
A specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope
227
Retrograde
Moving backward
228
Retrograde ejaculation
When an organ results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis. This is the most common long-term complication of a TURP
229
Watchful waiting
Often the prescribed course of action in older patients because prostate cancer normally progresses slowly
230
Radiation therapy
Hormone therapy
Additional treatments used to control prostate cancer
231
Kegel exercises
Named for Dr. Arnold Kegel. A series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain and swelling, and in women to condition the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth
232
Bladder retraining
Behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence
233
cath
Catheterization
234
Cysto
Cystoscopy
235
DRE
Digital rectal examination
236
ESRD
End-stage renal disease
237
Glycos/o
Sugar, glucose
238
Olig/o
Scanty, few
239
AV fistula
Arteriovenous fistula
240
GU
Genitourinary
241
HD
Hemodialysis
242
PD
Peritoneal dialysis
243
RRT
Renal replacement therapy
244
UA
Urinalysis
