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Lesson 7 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Nephr/o

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

Ren/o

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

Kidneys

A

Nephr/o, ren/o
Filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body

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4
Q

Pyel/o

A

Renal pelvis or bowl of kidney

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5
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Pyel/o
Collects urine produced by the kidneys

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6
Q

Ur/o

A

Urine or urinary tract

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7
Q

Urin/o

A

Urine

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8
Q

Urine

A

Ur/o, urin/o
Liquid waste products to be excreted

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9
Q

Ureter/o

A

Ureters

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10
Q

Ureters

A

Ureter/o
Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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11
Q

Cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder, cyst, or sac of fluid

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12
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Cyst/o
Stores urine until it is excreted

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13
Q

Urethr/o

A

Urethra

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14
Q

Urethra

A

Urethr/o
Transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted

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15
Q

Prostat/o

A

Prostate

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16
Q

Prostate

A

Prostat/o
A gland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra. Disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine

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17
Q

-cele

A

Hernia, tumor, or swelling

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18
Q

Dia-

A

Through, between, apart, or complete

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19
Q

-ectasis

A

Enlargement, stretching, or dilation

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20
Q

Glomerul/o

A

Glomerulus

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21
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone or calculus

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22
Q

-lysis

A

Separation, breakdown, setting free, destruction or loosening

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23
Q

-pexy

A

Surgical fixation

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24
Q

-tripsy

A

To crush

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25
Q

-uria

A

Urination or urine

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26
Q

Ablation

A

The removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods. This term is used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer

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27
Q

Anuria

A

The absence of urine formation by the kidneys. An- means without, -uria means urine. This condition is often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction

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28
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

BPH. An abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50. Also known as benign prostate hypertrophy or enlarged prostate. This condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men. It is not caused by cancer or infection

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29
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

CKD. The progressive loss of renal function over months or years. Also known as chronic renal disease or kidney failure. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease. The buildup of waste in the blood from chronic kidney disease can be a contributing factor in heart attacks and strokes

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30
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder. Cyst means bladder, -itis means inflammation

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31
Q

Cystocele

A

A hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall, also called a prolapsed bladder. Cyst/o means bladder, -Cele means hernia. This sometimes occurs as a result of pregnancy or childbirth

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32
Q

Cystolith

A

A stone located in the urinary bladder. Cyst/o means bladder, -lith means stone

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33
Q

Cystopexy

A

The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall. Cyst/o means bladder, -pexy means surgical fixation

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34
Q

Cystoscopy

A

The visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope. Cyst/o means bladder, -scopy means visual examination.

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35
Q

Dialysis

A

A procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and excess water from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function. Dia- means complete or through, -lysis means separation

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36
Q

Diuresis

A

The increased output of urine. Di- means through, -uresis means urination

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37
Q

Edema

A

Excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, the abdomen, or the legs and feet

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38
Q

End-stage renal disease

A

The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant

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39
Q

Enuresis

A

The involuntary discharge of urine. En- means into,-uresis means urination

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40
Q

Epispadias

A

A congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening. In the male, the opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is located in the region of the clitoris

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41
Q

Extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy

A

ESWL. The use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine. Most common kidney stone treatment. Lith/o means stone, -tripsy means to crush.

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42
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine. Glomerul/o means glomeruli, nephr means kidney, -itis means inflammation

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43
Q

Hemodialysis

A

A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient’s blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys. Hem/o means blood, Dia means complete or through,-lysis means separation. Most common type of dialysis. The cleansed blood is returned to the body through a vein. These treatments each take around four hours and must be repeated about three times a week. They can be done at a hospital, a dialysis center, or at home with the necessary equipment

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44
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

The dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine. Hydr/o means water, nephr means kidney, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter

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45
Q

Hydroureter

A

Distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked. Hydr/o means water,-ureter means ureter

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46
Q

Hyperproteinuria

A

The presence of abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine. Hyper- means excessive, protein means protein, -uria means urine

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47
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood. Hypo- means deficient or decreased, protein means protein, -emia means blood condition

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48
Q

Hypospadias

A

A congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening . In the male, the urethral opening is on the ventral side (underside) of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina

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49
Q

Incontinence

A

The inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces

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50
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

A chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis, however, they do not respond to traditional treatment.

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51
Q

Intravenous pyelography

A

A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract. Also known as excretory urography. Pyel/o means renal pelvis, -graphy means the process of creating a picture or record. A contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in the resulting image. This test is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, rumors, and internal injuries after an abdominal trauma

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52
Q

Nephrolith

A

A stone located in the kidneys, also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone. Nephr/o means kidney, -lith means stones

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53
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

The presence of a stone or stones in the kidneys. Nephr/o means kidney, -lithiasis means presence of stones. As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged

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54
Q

Nephrolysis

A

The freeing of a kidney from adhesions. Nephr/o means kidney, -lysis means setting free. The term nephrolysis can also describe a pathological condition in which there is destruction of renal cells. -lysis also means destruction

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55
Q

Nephrons

A

The microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Each nephron contains a glomerus surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule and a renal tubule. Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons. After passing through the filtration system of the glomerus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the renal vein. The remaining filtrate flows into the renal tubule, where elements, including some water, sugar, and salts, are returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary. Remaining waste products are continually converted into urine, which is transported to the renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into the ureters. If waste products are not efficiently removed from the bloodstream, the body cannot maintain homeostasis with a stable balance of salts and other substances

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56
Q

Nephropathy

A

Any kidney disease including degenerative and inflammatory conditions. Nephr/o means kidney, -pathy means disease

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57
Q

Nephroptosis

A

The prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands, also known as a floating kidney. Nephr/o means kidney, -ptosis means droop or sag

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58
Q

Nephropyosis

A

Suppuration of the kidney. Also known as pyonephrosis. Nephr/o means kidney, py means pus, -osis means abnormal condition or disease.

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59
Q

Nephrostomy

A

The placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body. Nephr means kidney, -ostomy means creating an opening. In a kidney affected by hydronephrosis, this allows urine from the kidney to be drained directly through the lower back. Nephrostomy tubes are also used to gain access to the kidneys for diagnostic procedures

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60
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

A groups of conditions in which excessive amounts of proteins are lost in the urine. This condition, which is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, resulting in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood. Also known as nephrosis. Nephr/o means kidney, -tic means pertaining to. Causes of nephrotic syndrome include diabetes mellitus, infection, and kidney disorders

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61
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

A urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. Neur/o means nerve, -genic means created by. Normal urinary function depends on nerves to sense when the bladder is full and to control the muscles that either retain the urine or allow the bladder to empty. Depending on the type of neurological disorder causing the problem, the bladder may empty spontaneously, resulting in incontinence. In contrast, the problem can prevent the bladder from emptying at all or from emptying completely. This can result in urinary retention with overflow leakage. Some if the causes of this condition are a tumor of the nervous system, trauma, neuropathy, or an inflammatory condition such as multiple sclerosis

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62
Q

Nocturia

A

Frequent and excessive urination during the night. Noct means night, -uria means urination

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63
Q

Nocturnal enuresis

A

Urinary incontinence during sleep. It is also known as bed-wetting

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64
Q

Oliguria

A

Scanty urination. Olig means scanty, -uria means urination. This can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction

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65
Q

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

The surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back. Nephr/o means kidney, lith means stone, -otomy means surgical incision. A small tube is temporarily inserted through the incision into the kidney. First urine is removed, then the stone is crushed and the pieces are removed. This procedure is used if ESWL has not been successful, if an infectionis present, or if the stone is particularly large

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66
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood. The sterile dialysate flows into the peritoneal cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. This fluid is left in for a period of time to absorb waste products and then drained out through the tube. The process is normally repeated several times during the day and can be done using an automated system. Considered less effective than hemodialysis

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67
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

PKD. An inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney function, which eventually leads to kidney failure. Poly- means many, cyst means cyst, -ic means pertaining to

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68
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes. Poly-means many, -uria means urination

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69
Q

Prostatism

A

A disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostat means prostate gland, -ism means condition of. This can produce difficulties with urination, including urinary retention

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70
Q

Pyelotomy

A

A surgical incision into the renal pelvis. Pyel means renal pelvis, -otomy means surgical incision. This procedure is performed to correct obstructions such as a stone lodged in the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter.

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71
Q

Suprapubic catheterization

A

The placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

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72
Q

Uremia

A

A toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood, also known as uremic poisoning. Ur means urine, -emia means blood condition

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73
Q

Ureterectasis

A

The distention (swelling) of a ureter due to a hydroureter or congenital abnormalities. Ureter means ureter, -ecstasis means enlargement

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74
Q

Ureterolith

A

A stone located anywhere along the ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -lith means stone

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75
Q

Ureterorrhagia

A

The discharge of blood from a ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -rrhagia means bleeding

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76
Q

Ureterorrhaphy

A

The surgical suturing of a ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing

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77
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra. Urethr means urethra, -itis means inflammation

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78
Q

Urethroplasty

A

The surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra. Urethr/o means urethra, -plasty means surgical repair

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79
Q

Urethrorrhagia

A

Bleeding from the urethra. Urethr/o means urethra, -rrhagia means bleeding

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80
Q

Urethrostenosis

A

Narrowing of the urethra. Also called urethral stricture. Urethr/o means ureter, -stenosis means tightening or narrowing. This condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury

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81
Q

Urethrotomy

A

A surgical incision into the urethra for relief or stricture. Urethr means urethra, -otomy means surgical incision

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82
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

The insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place medication into the bladder

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83
Q

Vesicovaginal fistula

A

An abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina. Vagin means vagina, -al means pertaining to. May be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery such as a hysterectomy

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84
Q

Voiding cystourethrography

A

A diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra. Cyst/o means bladder, urethr/o means urethra, -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record. This procedure is often performed after cystography

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85
Q

Wilms tumor

A

A rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. There is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly

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86
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Maintaining proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys
  3. Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste materials from the bloodstream
  4. Converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excreting them from the body via the urinary bladder
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87
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. Home/o means constant, -stasis means control

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88
Q

Urea

A

Major waste product of protein metabolism

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89
Q

Creatinine

A

Waste product of muscle metabolism

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90
Q

Urinary system

A

Also referred to as the urinary tract. Consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra. The adrenal glands, which are part of the endocrine system, are located on the top of the kidneys

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91
Q

Prostate gland

A

Part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra

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92
Q

Genitourinary tract

A

Two body systems are sometimes referred to together where the Urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs

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93
Q

Kidneys

A

Constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. These are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes. About 200 quarts of blood are processed every day, producing an average of 2 quarts of urine. The kidneys also help the body maintain the proper level of fluid, produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones. The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and the lower edge of the rib cage

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94
Q

Renal

A

Pertaining to the kidneys. Ren means kidney (s), -al means pertaining to

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95
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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96
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons

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97
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of an organ

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98
Q

Medulla

A

Inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

99
Q

Tubule

A

Small tube

100
Q

Reabsorption

A

The return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration

101
Q

Glomerus

A

A cluster of capillaries. Plural glomeruli

102
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Cup-shaped membrane

103
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Funnel-sjaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters

104
Q

Ureters

A

2 narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

105
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder

106
Q

Orifice

A

Opening

107
Q

Ureteral orifices

A

Through where the urine drains from the ureters into the bladder, located in the wall of the urinary bladder

108
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body. Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis. The average adult bladder stores more than one pint of urine. The bladder is lined with rugae.

109
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the urinary bladder that allow it to expand when full and contract when empty

110
Q

Urethra

A

The tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

111
Q

Urinary sphincters

A

One located at either end of the urethra. These muscular rings control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus

112
Q

Sphincter

A

Ring-like muscle that closes a passageway

113
Q

Meatus

A

External opening of a canal

114
Q

Urethral meatus

A

Also known as urinary meatus. External opening of the urethra

115
Q

Female urethra

A

Approx. 1.5 inches Ling, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina. In the female, the urethra transports only urine

116
Q

Male urethra

A

Approx. 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis. This urethra transports both urine and semen

117
Q

Prostate gland

A

Part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra. Most disorders of the prostate affect the male’s ability to urinate

118
Q

Urination

A

Also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine. Requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters. This action forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urethral meatus

119
Q

Urinate

A

This is where the urge to urinate or micturate where the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra

120
Q

Nephrologist

A

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys. Nephr means kidneys, -ologist means specialist

121
Q

Urologist

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males. Ur means urine, -ologist means specialist

122
Q

Diabetic nehproathy

A

Kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus

123
Q

Renal failure

A

Also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to preform their function. The body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure

124
Q

BUN

A

Blood urea nitrogen

125
Q

Azotemia

A

An Elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney. Uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic

126
Q

ARF

A

Acute renal failure

127
Q

Acute renal failure

A

ARF. Has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection

128
Q

Minimal change disease

A

So called because the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

129
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney. Nephr means kidney, -itis means inflammation. The most common causes of nephrotis are toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease

130
Q

Prolapse

A

Slipping or falling out of place

131
Q

Suppuration

A

The formation or discharge of pus

132
Q

PKD

A

Polycystic kidney disease

133
Q

Renal colic

A

An acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone). Sometimes come in waves due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters

134
Q

Colic

A

Spasms of pain in the abdomen

135
Q

CKD

A

Chronic kidney disease

136
Q

Stone

A

Also known as calculus, an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located. Plural calculi. These stones vary in size from small sand-like granules that pass through the body unnoticed to stones the size if marbles that can become lodged, causing acute pain. In the urinary system, stones form when waste products in the urine separate and crystallize. Normally urine contains chemicals to prevent this from happening, however dehydration and other factors may disrupt this balance

137
Q

Cystalgia

A

Pain in the bladder. Cyst means bladder, -algia means pain. Also known as cystodynia

138
Q

Interstitial

A

Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ

139
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux

A

VUR. Backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder. Vesic/o means bladder, ureter means ureter, -al means pertaining to. It is most common in infants and children

140
Q

VUR

A

Vesicoureteral reflux

141
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage between two internal organs

142
Q

Neuropathy

A

Any disease or damage to a nerve

143
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth

144
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

145
Q

Prostate cancer

A

One of the most common cancers among men. The disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body

146
Q

Prostatitis

A

Group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland. Prostat means prostate gland, -itis means inflammation

147
Q

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis

A

Most common type of prostatitis with no single known cause

148
Q

Bacterial prostatitis

A

Usually results from bacteria transported in the urine

149
Q

Urethorrhea

A

An abnormal discharge from the urethra. Urethr/o means urethra, -rrhea means flow or discharge. This condition is associated with some sensually transmitted diseases

150
Q

UTI

A

Urinary tract infection

151
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

UTI. Usually begins in the bladder, however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system. These common infections are caused by bacteria, most often E. Coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra. They occur more frequently in women because the urethra is short and located near the opening to the rectum

152
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney. Pyel/o means renal pelvis, nephr means kidney, -itis means inflammation. This is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder

153
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination. Dys-means painful, -uria means urination. This condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections

154
Q

Nocturnal

A

Pertaining to night

155
Q

Urinary hesitancy

A

Difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands.

156
Q

Bashful bladder syndrome

A

This is known when in younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present

157
Q

Urinary retention

A

Also known as ischuria, the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is often more common in men and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland

158
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

The inability to control the voiding of urine

159
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates

160
Q

Stress incontinence

A

The inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing. This condition occurs more often in women than men

161
Q

OAB

A

Overactive bladder

162
Q

Overactive bladder

A

OAB. Also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate. The urinary sphincters’ relaxation in response to this urgent need to urinate may result in increased urinary frequency or accidental urination. This is a common condition in adults older than 40 and may be caused by excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, urinary tract infections, neurological diseases, or bladder or prostate problems

163
Q

Urinalysis

A

Examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. Urin means urine, -alysis means a study of the parts. These tests, which are used to diagnose diseases and pregnancy as well as to detect the presence of substances such as drugs

164
Q

Distended

A

Enlarged

165
Q

Bladder ultrasound

A

Use if a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. A normal bladder holds between 300-400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being distended

166
Q

Endoscope

A

An instrument used for visual examination of internal structures

167
Q

Cystoscope

A

Is used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged prostate gland

168
Q

Computed tomography

A

Also known as CT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient’s symptoms

169
Q

Nephrotomography

A

Use of a CAT scan to examine the kidneys

170
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

171
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR. A blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood. This test can help diagnose chronic kidney disease and kidney failure

172
Q

Blood urea nitrogen test

A

Also an indicator of kidney function

173
Q

Cystography

A

A radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter. Cyst/o means bladder, -graphy means the process of creating a picture or record

174
Q

Cystogram

A

Resulting film of cystography

175
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous pyelogram

176
Q

Intravenous pyelogram

A

IVP. Resulting image of the intravenous pyelography

177
Q

KUB

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder. Radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium. Also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen. Used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths. Despite its name, a KUB x-ray does not show the ureters

178
Q

Retrograde urography

A

A radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract. Ur/o means urine. -graphy means the process of creating a picture or record

179
Q

Retrograde

A

Moving backward

180
Q

Digital rectal examination

A

Performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum

181
Q

Digital

A

Using a finger

182
Q

Palpate

A

The use of touch to examine a body part

183
Q

PSA

A

Prostate-specific antigen

184
Q

Prostate-specific antigen blood test

A

Used to screen for prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen

185
Q

Prostate-specific antigen

A

PSA. A protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen. The higher a man’s PSA level, the more likely cancer is present

186
Q

Diuretics

A

Medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt. Some foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages also have a diuretic effect

187
Q

Antibiotics

A

Used to treat urinary tract infections

188
Q

Antispasmodics

A

Block the signals that cause urinary incontinence

189
Q

Nutritional interventions

A

Important dietary considerations for people with kidney disease include monitoring the amounts of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus in their diet

190
Q

2 types of dialysis

A
  1. Haemodialysis
  2. Peritoneal dialysis
191
Q

Artificial kidney

A

An external hemodialysis unit

192
Q

Shunt

A

An artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis. A shunt implanted in the patient’s arm is connected to the hemodialysis unit, and arterial blood flows through the filters of the unit

193
Q

Dialysate

A

Inside the filters as part of the hemodialysis. Sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids

194
Q

Electrolytes

A

The salts that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue, and blood

195
Q

CAPD

A

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

196
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A

CAPD. Provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities. In this procedure, the dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient’s clothing. About every 4 hours, the used solution is drained back into this bag and the bag is discarded. A new bag is then attached, the solution is instilled, and the process continues

197
Q

CCPD

A

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

198
Q

APD

A

Automated peritoneal dialysis

199
Q

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
Or automated peritoneal dialysis

A

CCPD. APD. Uses a machine to Cy le the dialsate solution during the night while the patient sleeps

200
Q

Nephropexy

A

Also known as nephrorrhaphy. The surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney. Nephr/o means kidney, -pexy means surgical fixation

201
Q

Renal transplant

A

Commonly known as kidney transplant. The grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys. Kidney donors do not need to be genetically related to the recipient, although a tissue match increases the success rate. A single transplanted kidney is capable of adequately performing all kidney functions and frees the patient from the need for dialysis

202
Q

Treatment of nephroliths

A

Most small nephroliths (kidney stones) pass out of the urinary tract naturally over a period of two days to three weeks. This process can be quite painful and is sometimes accompanied by vomiting due to the pain. Larger stones may require surgical intervention

203
Q

Extracorpeal

A

Situated or occurring outside the body

204
Q

ESWL

A

Extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy

205
Q

Percutaneous

A

Performed through the skin

206
Q

Ureterectomy

A

Surgical removal of a ureter. Ureter means ureter, -ectomy means surgical removal

207
Q

Ureteroscopy

A

A treatment foe nephrolith lodged in the ureter. Ureter/o means ureter, -scopy means visual examination

208
Q

Ureteroscope

A

A specialized instrument is inserted through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope. If the stone is too large, a laser is used to break it up and the pieces are then removed

209
Q

Cystectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. This procedure is usually performed to treat bladder cancer. Cyst means bladder, -ectomy means surgical removal

210
Q

Ileal conduit

A

Also called urinary ileostomy. The use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen. Ile means ilieum or small intestine, -al means pertaining to

211
Q

Cystorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder. Cyst/o means bladder, -rrhaphy means surgical suturing

212
Q

Lithotomy

A

Surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder. Lith means stone, -otomy means surgical incision. Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis and lower abdomen

213
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

Also known as cathing. Performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as chemotherapy solution into the bladder

214
Q

Indwelling catheter

A

Remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need. This can be either a urethral or a suprapubic catheter

215
Q

Indwelling

A

Residing within

216
Q

Urethral catheterization

A

Performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter through the urethra and into the bladder

217
Q

Foley catheter

A

Most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder. It is commonly used on postsurgical patients and is named for its inventor, surgeon Frederic Foley

218
Q

Intermittent catheter

A

Also known as a short-term catheter. Is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

219
Q

Meatotomy

A

Surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening. Meat means meatus, -otomy means surgical incision

220
Q

Stricture

A

Abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage

221
Q

Electrocautery

A

The use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue

222
Q

Prostatectomy

A

Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland. Prostat means prostate, -ectomy means surgical removal. This procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland, however, this treatment can lead to erectile difficulties

223
Q

Radical prostatectomy

A

Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected

224
Q

Transurethral prostatectomy

A

TURP. Removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope

225
Q

TURP

A

Transurethral prostatectomy

226
Q

Resectoscope

A

A specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope

227
Q

Retrograde

A

Moving backward

228
Q

Retrograde ejaculation

A

When an organ results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis. This is the most common long-term complication of a TURP

229
Q

Watchful waiting

A

Often the prescribed course of action in older patients because prostate cancer normally progresses slowly

230
Q

Radiation therapy
Hormone therapy

A

Additional treatments used to control prostate cancer

231
Q

Kegel exercises

A

Named for Dr. Arnold Kegel. A series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain and swelling, and in women to condition the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth

232
Q

Bladder retraining

A

Behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence

233
Q

cath

A

Catheterization

234
Q

Cysto

A

Cystoscopy

235
Q

DRE

A

Digital rectal examination

236
Q

ESRD

A

End-stage renal disease

237
Q

Glycos/o

A

Sugar, glucose

238
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty, few

239
Q

AV fistula

A

Arteriovenous fistula

240
Q

GU

A

Genitourinary

241
Q

HD

A

Hemodialysis

242
Q

PD

A

Peritoneal dialysis

243
Q

RRT

A

Renal replacement therapy

244
Q

UA

A

Urinalysis

Lesson 7 (1 decks)

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