Chapter 9 Flashcards
Define employee behaiour
pattern of actions by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly affects the organization.
What are factors of employee behaviour (3)
Performance, organizational citizenship, counterproductive behaviours (absenteeism, turnover)
Define personality
Fundamental traits relveant to organiations
What are the personality traits (5)
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotionality
Introversion/Extraversion
Openness
Define emotional intelligence/quotient (EQ) (5)
Social skills
Self awareness
Self regulation
Motivation
Empathy
Define attitudes
reflection of our beliefs and feelings about ideas situations and other people
Define job satisfaction
extent to which people have positive attitudes toward their jobs
Define organizational commitment
reflects an individual’s identification with the organization and its mission
Define psychological contract
expectations held by employees concerning their contribution to an organization and what the organization will provide in return
What are the contributions from an individual in the pyschological contract (6)
Effort
Ability
Loyalty
Skills
Time
Competency
What are the contributions from the organization in the pyschological contract (6)
Pay
Benefits
Job security
Status
Promotion opp.
Career opp.
Define person-job fit
Employee’s contributions, needs, job-related behaviours and abilities match the needs of the job
Define motivation
the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways
Give motivational theory names (4)
Classical theory and scientific management
Behaviour theory
Contemporary motivation theory
Define classical theory
workers are motivated primarily by money, therefore, paying employees more would result in higher levels of production
Define scientific management
analyze jobs and find more efficient ways to perform them (time-and-motion studies)
What makes up early behavioural theory (3)
- Human-Resources model (theory x and y)
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Two-Factor (motivator-hygiene_ theory
Define the Hawthorne effect
tendency for workers productivity to increase when they are receiving special attention from management
Define human resources model (theory x and y)
two diametrically opposed perceptions of employees
Define theory X
Employees dislike work
Lazy
Irresponsible
Uncooperative
Threaten, or punish, for results
Define theory Y
Employees like work
Energetic
Growth oriented
Responsible
Cooperative
Use intrinsic, rather than extrinsic rewards
Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
basic needs must be met before an individual seeks higher level needs.
What are the 5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy
- Physiological
- Security
- Social
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
Define the Hertzberg Two-Factor theory
highlights two sets of factors associated with satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace
Define the motivation factors in the Two-Factor theory (5)
(Satisfaction v s. No Satisfaction)
Recognition
Responsibility
Advancement
Achievement
Work itself
Define the hygience factors in the Two-Factor theory (5)
(Dissatisfaction v s. No Dissatisfaction)
Supervisors
Working Conditions
Pay and Security
Interpersonal Relations
Company Policies and Procedures
What makes up the Contemporary Motivation Theory
Expectancy and Equity theories
Define the Expectancy theory
people are motivated to work towards rewards that they want and believe they have a reasonable chance of obtaining
Define Equity theory
individuals compare their perception of what they contribute and receive to what others contribute and receive; result is a feeling of equity or inequity; ratios must be fair, not the same, to perceive equity
What are some strategies to enhance motivation (7)
Reinforcement/Behaviour Modification Theory
Goal Setting Theory
Management by Objectives
Participative Management and Empowerment
Team Management
Job Enrichment and Job Redesign
Modified Work Schedules
Define reinforcement
applying (or withholding) positive (or negative) consequences in order to motivate employees
positive reinforcement
punishment
omission
negative reinforcement
Define the Goal Setting theory
focus on setting goals top help motivate employees
S M A R T Goals
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time framed
Define management by objectives
system of collaborative goal setting that extends from the top to the bottom of the firm
employees learn more about company-wide objectives
feel as though they are part of a team
see how they can improve company performance by achieving their own goals
Define participative management and empowerement
employees are more satisfied if they have a say in how they do their jobs and how the company is managed (Wikis, Quality Circle)
employees feel more committed to goals (not desired by all employees)
Define team management
individual employees are given decision-making responsibility for certain narrow activities
Define the types of teams in team management (5)
Problem Solving Teams
Transnational Teams
Self-Managed Teams
Project Teams (Venture)
Virtual Teams
Define job enrichement
expanding or adding one or more motivating factors to a job
used to increase job satisfaction
Define job redesign
increases job satisfaction by improving the employee–job fit
combining tasks
creating natural work groups
establishing client relationships
useful for individuals with strong need for growth or achievement
Define modified work schedules + ex (4)
allow individuals to fulfill work commitments more effectively around personal or community obligations
Flextime
compressed workweek
telecommuting
workshare programs
Define flextime
adjusts the standard daily work schedule to fit employees’ needs
all must be available during the core time
start and end times can vary
Define compressed workweek
employees work less days but complete the same amount of hours
Define telecommuting
employees do all or some work away from the office
home-based office technology is used (computers, voicemail, email, modems, smart phones, overnight delivery services)
Define workshare (job sharing) programs
two people share a single, full-time position
useful for those who wish to stay in the workforce part-time (mothers with young children, partially retired persons)
Which group of people make up the majority of workshare employees
university-educated women in professional occupations
Define leadership
process of motivating others to meet goals
Define trait approach
identifies traits that would distinguish leaders from non-leaders
Define behavioural approach
determines how the behaviours of successful leaders differs from those of unsuccessful leaders
task oriented v s. employee oriented
Define leadership styles (3)
Autocratic
Democratic
Free-Rein
many managers use one style but some may use a combination of styles depending on the situation
Define contingency/situational approach
Leaders behave differently in different situations
Based on:
characteristics of the leader
characteristics of the subordinates
characteristics of the situation
Define transactional leadership
emphasizes routine, regimented activities that focus on maintaining stability or the status quo
Define transformational leadership
the ability of the leader to recognize the need for change; create a vision to make that change happen
Define charismatic leadership (4)
possess a high level of confidence
possess a strong need to influence others
communicate high expectations of subordinates
generally more successful at influencing subordinates
Define leaders as coaches
help select team members and other new employees
provide some general direction
help train and develop the team
help the team get the information and resources
Define gender and leadership
more women in management roles
women tend to be more democratic when making decisions
Define cross-cultural leadership
new leaders are coming from diverse backgrounds
these new leaders may have different leadership styles
Define strategic leadership
able to see the whole picture and envision necessary changes
Define ethical leadership
follows high standards of ethical leadership
Define virtual leadership
involves communication electronically rather than face to face
